{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1761975339430},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have demonstrated that the repetition of pseudowords engages a network of premotor areas for articulatory planning and articulation. However, it remains unclear how these premotor areas interact and drive one another during speech production. We used fMRI with dynamic causal modeling to investigate effective connectivity between premotor areas during overt repetition of words and pseudowords presented in both the auditory and visual modalities. Regions involved in phonological aspects of language production were identified as those where regional increases in the BOLD signal were common to repetition in both modalities. We thus obtained three seed regions: the bilateral pre-SMA, left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and left ventral premotor cortex that were used to test 63 different models of effective connectivity in the premotor network for pseudoword relative to word repetition. The optimal model was identified with Bayesian model selection and reflected a network with driving input to pre-SMA and an increase in facilitatory drive from pre-SMA to PMd during repetition of pseudowords. The task-specific increase in effective connectivity from pre-SMA to left PMd suggests that the pre-SMA plays a supervisory role in the generation and subsequent sequencing of motor plans. Diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tracking in another group of healthy volunteers showed that the functional connection between both regions is underpinned by a direct cortico-cortical anatomical connection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T15:06:39Z","timestamp":1355843199000},"page":"580-594","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Increased Facilitatory Connectivity from the Pre-SMA to the Left Dorsal Premotor Cortex during Pseudoword Repetition"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gesa","family":"Hartwigsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"2NeuroImage-Nord, Hamburg-Kiel-L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"3University of Leipzig"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Saur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Leipzig"}]},{"given":"Cathy J.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4University College London"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Baumgaertner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"2NeuroImage-Nord, Hamburg-Kiel-L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"5Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Ulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"7University Hospital Basel"}]},{"given":"Hartwig R.","family":"Siebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"2NeuroImage-Nord, Hamburg-Kiel-L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"8Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913290090900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444317251.ch6","article-title":"Brain mechanisms underlying speech motor control.","volume-title":"The handbook of phonetic sciences","author":"Ackermann","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.11.104","article-title":"The role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in word production.","volume":"1076","author":"Alario","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001","article-title":"Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: A critical review of possible relations.","volume":"37","author":"Alm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0746","article-title":"Modeling geometric deformations in EPI time series.","volume":"13","author":"Andersson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical contributions to stop signal response inhibition: Role of the subthalamic nucleus.","volume":"26","author":"Aron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1994.1037","article-title":"Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo.","volume":"103","author":"Basser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.173","article-title":"An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production.","volume":"32","author":"Bohland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913290090900_R8","first-page":"300","article-title":"Role of subcortical structures, and particularly of the thalamus, in the mechanisms of speech and language. 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