{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:50:09Z","timestamp":1780627809056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sleep affects declarative memory for emotional stimuli differently than it affects declarative memory for nonemotional stimuli. However, the interaction between specific sleep characteristics and emotional memory is not well understood. Recent studies on how sleep affects emotional memory have focused on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) but have not addressed non-REM sleep, particularly sleep spindles. This is despite the fact that sleep spindles are implicated in declarative memory as well as neural models of memory consolidation (e.g., hippocampal neural replay). Additionally, many studies examine a limited range of emotional stimuli and fail to disentangle differences in memory performance because of variance in valence and arousal. Here, we experimentally increase non-REM sleep features, sleep spindle density, and SWS, with pharmacological interventions using zolpidem (Ambien) and sodium oxybate (Xyrem) during daytime naps. We use a full spread of emotional stimuli to test all levels of valence and arousal. We find that increasing sleep spindle density increases memory discrimination (da) for highly arousing and negative stimuli without altering measures of bias (ca). These results indicate a broader role for sleep in the processing of emotional stimuli with differing effects based on arousal and valence, and they raise the possibility that sleep spindles causally facilitate emotional memory consolidation. These findings are discussed in terms of the known use of hypnotics in individuals with emotional mood disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T14:33:19Z","timestamp":1371220399000},"page":"1597-1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Pharmacologically Increasing Sleep Spindles Enhances Recognition for Negative and High-arousal Memories"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Erik J.","family":"Kaestner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Wixted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Mednick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, Riverside"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913335529200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6509com","article-title":"Cloning and functional characterization of a gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor identified in the human brain.","volume":"21","author":"Andriamampandry","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2532-11.2012","article-title":"Processing of emotional reactivity and emotional memory over sleep.","volume":"32","author":"Baran","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244546","article-title":"Effect of zolpidem on sleep and sleep EEG spectra in healthy young men.","volume":"104","author":"Brunner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90423-5","article-title":"Two-stage model of memory trace formation: A role for \u201cnoisy\u201d brain states.","volume":"31","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10130","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900271106","article-title":"REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks.","volume":"106","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10897","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10897.2003","article-title":"Sleep-dependent \u0398 oscillations in the human hippocampus and neocortex.","volume":"23","author":"Cantero","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00195-1","article-title":"Emotion, attention, and the \u201cnegativity bias,\u201d studied through event-related potentials.","volume":"41","author":"Carreti\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.01.011","article-title":"Overnight verbal memory retention correlates with the number of sleep spindles.","volume":"132","author":"Clemens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm146","article-title":"Temporal coupling of parahippocampal ripples, sleep spindles and slow oscillations in humans.","volume":"130","author":"Clemens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20948","article-title":"Emotional imagery: Assessing pleasure and arousal in the brain's reward circuitry.","volume":"31","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.026252.112","article-title":"Involvement of spindles in memory consolidation is slow wave sleep-specific.","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/1053-0797.16.1.1","article-title":"The impact of insomnia and sleep disturbances on depression and suicidality.","volume":"16","author":"Cukrowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801819105","article-title":"Spontaneous neural activity during human slow wave sleep.","volume":"105","author":"Dang-Vu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0252","article-title":"\u201cSleep spindles: An overview.\u201d","volume":"7","author":"De Gennaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1961","article-title":"Forward and reverse hippocampal place-cell sequences during ripples.","volume":"10","author":"Diba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199619040-00006","article-title":"Zolpidem in the treatment of short-term insomnia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","volume":"19","author":"Dockhorn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R17","first-page":"225","article-title":"The functional anatomy of innate and acquired fear: Perspectives from neuroimaging.","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of emotion","author":"Dolan","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194083","article-title":"\u201cRemembering\u201d emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection.","volume":"14","author":"Dougal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443040-00002","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short-acting hypnosedatives: Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone.","volume":"43","author":"Drover","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004117","article-title":"The sleeping brain's influence on verbal memory: Boosting resistance to interference.","volume":"4","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1625","article-title":"Variations on an inhibitory theme: Phasic and tonic activation of GABAA receptors.","volume":"6","author":"Farrant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(00)00038-8","article-title":"Effects of hypnotics on the sleep EEG of healthy young adults: New data and psychopharmacologic implications.","volume":"34","author":"Feinberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01951","article-title":"Consolidation during sleep of perceptual learning of spoken language.","volume":"425","author":"Fenn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182178199","article-title":"Sleep forms memory for finger skills.","volume":"99","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305404101","article-title":"Low acetylcholine during slow-wave sleep is critical for declarative memory consolidation.","volume":"101","author":"Gais","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6830","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06830.2002","article-title":"Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density.","volume":"22","author":"Gais","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.09.003","article-title":"Sleep-specific mechanisms underlying posttraumatic stress disorder: Integrative review and neurobiological hypotheses.","volume":"12","author":"Germain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb05965.x","article-title":"Are sleep disturbances risk factors for anxiety, depressive and addictive disorders?","volume":"98","author":"Gillin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.48803","article-title":"Sleep deprivation selectively impairs memory consolidation for contextual fear conditioning.","volume":"10","author":"Graves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.5.933","article-title":"Discriminating between changes in bias and changes in accuracy for recognition memory of emotional stimuli.","volume":"36","author":"Grider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00895.x","article-title":"Sleep deprivation impairs contextual fear conditioning and attenuates subsequent behavioural, endocrine and neuronal responses.","volume":"20","author":"Hagewoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.11.4.259","article-title":"Zolpidem-related effects on performance and mood during simulated night-shift work.","volume":"11","author":"Hart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.003","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of benzodiazepine use among Veterans Affairs patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, 2003\u20132010.","volume":"124","author":"Hawkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1825","article-title":"Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep.","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-011-0023-4","article-title":"Affective recognition memory processing and event-related brain potentials.","volume":"11","author":"Kaestner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2003.03013.x","article-title":"Specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate-binding sites but loss of pharmacological effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in GABA(B)(1)-deficient mice.","volume":"18","author":"Kaupmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"The European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R37","volume-title":"Emotional memory across the adult lifespan.","author":"Kensinger","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306408101","article-title":"Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal.","volume":"101","author":"Kensinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1872","article-title":"How negative emotion enhances the visual specificity of a memory.","volume":"19","author":"Kensinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20080","article-title":"Neural processes supporting young and older adults' emotional memories.","volume":"20","author":"Kensinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.11.027","article-title":"Different effects of zolpidem and diazepam on hippocampal sharp wave-ripple activity in vitro.","volume":"175","author":"Koniaris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1747","article-title":"The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience.","volume":"6","author":"Kringelbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00017-2","article-title":"Common effects of emotional valence, arousal and attention on neural activation during visual processing of pictures.","volume":"37","author":"Lane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073910361984","article-title":"Emotion and motivation: Toward consensus definitions and a common research purpose.","volume":"2","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007","article-title":"Emotion and the motivational brain.","volume":"84","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.009","article-title":"The impact of overnight consolidation upon memory for emotional and neutral encoding contexts.","volume":"49","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R47","first-page":"203","article-title":"Differential effects of benzodiazepines on EEG activity and hypnogenic mechanisms of the brain stem in cats.","volume":"264","author":"Mariotti","year":"1983","journal-title":"Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Th\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.04.010","article-title":"Capacity limits of information processing in the brain.","volume":"9","author":"Marois","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.003","article-title":"An opportunistic theory of cellular and systems consolidation.","volume":"34","author":"Mednick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences,"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1078","article-title":"Sleep-dependent learning: A nap is as good as a night.","volume":"6","author":"Mednick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4494","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3127-12.2013","article-title":"The critical role of sleep spindles in hippocampal-dependent memory: A pharmacology study.","volume":"33","author":"Mednick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n1214h","article-title":"Hypnotic medication in the aftermath of trauma.","volume":"63","author":"Mellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.015","article-title":"The effect of arousal on the emotional memory network depends on valence.","volume":"53","author":"Mickley-Steinmetz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00868.x","article-title":"The effects of valence and arousal on the neural activity leading to subsequent memory.","volume":"46","author":"Mickley-Steinmetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01058.x","article-title":"Visually detected NREM Stage 2 sleep spindles in kindergarten children are associated with current and future emotional and behavioural characteristics.","volume":"22","author":"Mikoteit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research,"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1290","article-title":"Fast and slow spindles during the sleep slow oscillation: Disparate coalescence and engagement in memory processing.","volume":"34","author":"M\u00f6lle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn155","article-title":"REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory.","volume":"19","author":"Nishida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.129.2.242","article-title":"Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past.","volume":"129","author":"Ochsner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53752-2.00012-6","article-title":"Age-related changes in the cognitive function of sleep.","volume":"191","author":"Pace-Schott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21526","article-title":"Sleep leads to changes in the emotional memory trace: Evidence from fMRI.","volume":"23","author":"Payne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02157.x","article-title":"Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes.","volume":"19","author":"Payne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17207","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103612108","article-title":"Inhibition recruitment in prefrontal cortex during sleep spindles and gating of hippocampal inputs.","volume":"108","author":"Peyrache","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R63","volume-title":"A manual of standardized terminology techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1968"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.1.128-a","article-title":"Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"146","author":"Ross","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13164","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703084104","article-title":"Hemodynamic cerebral correlates of sleep spindles during human non-rapid eye movement sleep.","volume":"104","author":"Schabus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1479","article-title":"Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation.","volume":"27","author":"Schabus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8976","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2464-06.2006","article-title":"Encoding difficulty promotes postlearning changes in sleep spindle activity during napping.","volume":"26","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.4.3.294","article-title":"How arousal modulates memory: Disentangling the effects of attention and retention.","volume":"4","author":"Sharot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80629-7","article-title":"Coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripples and cortical spindles during slow-wave sleep.","volume":"21","author":"Siapas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0561-09.2009","article-title":"Sleep promotes the neural reorganization of remote emotional memory.","volume":"29","author":"Sterpenich","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04286","article-title":"Sleep-dependent memory consolidation.","volume":"437","author":"Stickgold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5490.350","article-title":"Replaying the game: Hypnagogic images in normals and amnesics.","volume":"290","author":"Stickgold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27421","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027421","article-title":"Sleep-dependent facilitation of episodic memory details.","volume":"6","author":"Van der Helm","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.008","article-title":"Effects of cortisol suppression on sleep-associated consolidation of neutral and emotional memory.","volume":"58","author":"Wagner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.36801","article-title":"Emotional memory formation is enhanced across sleep intervals with high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep.","volume":"8","author":"Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.061","article-title":"Brief sleep after learning keeps emotional memories alive for years.","volume":"60","author":"Wagner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x","article-title":"The role of sleep in cognition and emotion.","volume":"1156","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016570","article-title":"Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing.","volume":"135","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.004","article-title":"Insomnia characteristics and clinical correlates in Operation Enduring Freedom\/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study.","volume":"12","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.9.1217","article-title":"Enhancing slow wave sleep with sodium oxybate reduces the behavioral and physiological impact of sleep loss.","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.08.008","article-title":"Reduced sleep spindles and spindle coherence in schizophrenia: Mechanisms of impaired memory consolidation?","volume":"71","author":"Wamsley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913335529200_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.1.152","article-title":"Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory.","volume":"114","author":"Wixted","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Review"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/25\/10\/1597\/1945826\/jocn_a_00433.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/25\/10\/1597\/1945826\/jocn_a_00433.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T14:45:40Z","timestamp":1627569940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/25\/10\/1597\/28004\/Pharmacologically-Increasing-Sleep-Spindles"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00433","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]}}}