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Neuroimaging, lesion, and electrophysiological studies indicate that working memory emerges from coordinated interactions of a distributed neural network in which fronto-parietal cortical regions are critical. In the current study, verbal working memory function, as indexed by performance on the Keep Track task, and volumes of brain regions were assessed at two time points in 79 healthy children and adolescents in the age range of 8\u201322 years. Longitudinal change in cortical and subcortical volumes was quantified by the use of Quantitative Anatomical Regional Change. Improvement in working memory was related to cortical volume reduction in bilateral prefrontal and posterior parietal regions and in regions around the central sulci. Importantly, these relationships were not explained by differences in gender, age, or intelligence level or change in intellectual abilities. Furthermore, the relationships did not interact with age and were not significantly different in children, young adolescents, and old adolescents. The results provide the first direct evidence that structural maturation of a fronto-parietal cortical network supports working memory development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T14:33:19Z","timestamp":1371220399000},"page":"1611-1623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Longitudinal Working Memory Development Is Related to Structural Maturation of Frontal and Parietal Cortices"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Christian K.","family":"Tamnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine B.","family":"Walhovd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"Grydeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylva","family":"\u00d8stby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders M.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders M.","family":"Fjell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913341467900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.11.003","article-title":"Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment.","volume":"106","author":"Alloway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913341467900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201","article-title":"Working memory: Looking back and looking forward.","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913341467900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies.","volume":"63","author":"Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913341467900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/15.4.585","article-title":"Myelination of cortical-hippocampal relays during late adolescence.","volume":"15","author":"Benes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072913341467900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950060041004","article-title":"Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.","volume":"51","author":"Benes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913341467900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.05.041","article-title":"Basic operations in working memory: Contributions from functional imaging studies.","volume":"214","author":"Bledowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913341467900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13735","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2547-09.2009","article-title":"What \u201cworks\u201d in working memory? 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