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We investigated whether motor cortex activity evoked by manual action words (e.g., caress) might reflect sensitivity to probabilistic orthographic\u2013phonological cues to grammatical category embedded within individual words. We first review neuroimaging data demonstrating that nonwords evoke activity much more reliably than action words along the entire motor strip, encompassing regions proposed to be action category specific. Using fMRI, we found that disyllabic words denoting manual actions evoked increased motor cortex activity compared with non-body-part-related words (e.g., canyon), activity which overlaps that evoked by observing and executing hand movements. This result is typically interpreted in support of language embodiment. Crucially, we also found that disyllabic nonwords containing endings with probabilistic cues predictive of verb status (e.g., -eve) evoked increased activity compared with nonwords with endings predictive of noun status (e.g., -age) in the identical motor area. Thus, motor cortex responses to action words cannot be assumed to selectively reflect conceptual content and\/or its simulation. Our results clearly demonstrate motor cortex activity reflects implicit processing of ortho-phonological statistical regularities that help to distinguish a word's grammatical class.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]],"date-time":"2013-06-27T18:43:33Z","timestamp":1372358613000},"page":"1957-1974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Putting an \u201cEnd\u201d to the Motor Cortex Representations of Action Words"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Greig","family":"de Zubicaray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Queensland, School of Psychology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Arciuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913354713300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(95)00226-X","article-title":"Localization of functional regions of human mesial cortex by somatosensory evoked potential recording and by cortical stimulation.","volume":"100","author":"Allison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913354713300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980443000782","article-title":"The processing of lexical stress during visual word recognition: Typicality effects and orthographic correlates.","volume":"59","author":"Arciuli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354713300_R3","first-page":"213","article-title":"Would you rather \u201cembert a cudsert\u201d or \u201ccudsert an embert\u201d? 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