{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:14:45Z","timestamp":1783700085637,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In alphabetic orthographies, letter identification is a critical process during the recognition of visually presented words. In the present experiment, we examined whether and when visual form influences letter processing in two very distinct alphabets (Roman and Arabic). Disentangling visual versus abstract letter representations was possible because letters in the Roman alphabet may look visually similar\/dissimilar in lowercase and uppercase forms (e.g., c-C vs. r-R) and letters in the Arabic alphabet may look visually similar\/dissimilar, depending on their position within a word (e.g., - vs. - ). We employed a masked priming same\u2013different matching task while ERPs were measured from individuals who had learned the two alphabets at an early age. Results revealed a prime\u2013target relatedness effect dependent on visual form in early components (P\/N150) and a more abstract relatedness effect in a later component (P300). Importantly, the pattern of data was remarkably similar in the two alphabets. Thus, these data offer empirical support for a universal (i.e., across alphabets) hierarchical account of letter processing in which the time course of letter processing in different scripts follows a similar trajectory from visual features to visual form independent of abstract representations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T11:36:33Z","timestamp":1372419393000},"page":"1975-1985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Neural Correlates of Visual versus Abstract Letter Processing in Roman and Arabic Scripts"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Carreiras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basque Center for Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"},{"name":"2IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gil-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basque Center for Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Abu Mallouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basque Center for Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Salillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Basque Center for Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913351441800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.6.551","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans.","volume":"8","author":"Bentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913351441800_R2","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Orthographic, phonological, and articulatory contributions to masked letter and word priming.","volume":"24","author":"Bowers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"2021072913351441800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp019","article-title":"Consonants and vowels contribute differently to visual word recognition: ERPs of relative position priming.","volume":"19","author":"Carreiras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913351441800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0260-8","article-title":"Priming of abstract letter representations may be universal: The case of Arabic.","volume":"19","author":"Carreiras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"2021072913351441800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960701579839","article-title":"Effects of stimulus font and size on masked repetition priming: An ERP investigation.","volume":"23","author":"Chauncey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2021072913351441800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.05.004","article-title":"The neural code for written words: A proposal.","volume":"9","author":"Dehaene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913351441800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.024","article-title":"Why do children make mirror errors in reading? 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