{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:39:24Z","timestamp":1762641564717},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Behavioral studies have cast doubts about the role that posttraining sleep may play in the consolidation of implicit sequence learning. Here, we used event-related fMRI to test the hypothesis that sleep-dependent functional reorganization would take place in the underlying neural circuits even in the possible absence of obvious behavioral changes. Twenty-four healthy human adults were scanned at Day 1 and then at Day 4 during an implicit probabilistic serial RT task. They either slept normally (RS) or were sleep-deprived (SD) on the first posttraining night. Unknown to them, the sequential structure of the material was based on a probabilistic finite-state grammar, with 15% chance on each trial of replacing the rules-based grammatical (G) stimulus with a nongrammatical (NG) one. Results indicated a gradual differentiation across sessions between RTs (faster RTs for G than NG), together with NG-related BOLD responses reflecting sequence learning. Similar behavioral patterns were observed in RS and SD participants at Day 4, indicating time- but not sleep-dependent consolidation of performance. Notwithstanding, we observed at Day 4 in the RS group a diminished differentiation between G- and NG-related neurophysiological responses in a set of cortical and subcortical areas previously identified as being part of the network involved in implicit sequence learning and its offline processing during sleep, indicating a sleep-dependent processing of both regular and deviant stimuli. Our results suggest the sleep-dependent development of distinct neurophysiological processes subtending consolidation of implicit motor sequence learning, even in the absence of overt behavioral differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T11:36:33Z","timestamp":1372419393000},"page":"2003-2014","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Sleep-dependent Neurophysiological Processes in Implicit Sequence Learning"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Charline","family":"Urbain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"2Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, H\u00f4pital Erasme, and UNI, ULB, Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9my","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Cyclotron Research Center, University of Li\u00e9ge, Li\u00e9ge, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Cleeremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Consciousness, Cognition & Computation Group, at CRCN and UNI, ULB, Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Van Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, H\u00f4pital Erasme, and UNI, ULB, Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Maquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Cyclotron Research Center, University of Li\u00e9ge, Li\u00e9ge, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Peigneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"3Cyclotron Research Center, University of Li\u00e9ge, Li\u00e9ge, Belgium"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913352429000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.008","article-title":"Both the hippocampus and striatum are involved in consolidation of motor sequence memory.","volume":"58","author":"Albouy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904322755557","article-title":"Posttraining sleep enhances automaticity in perceptual discrimination.","volume":"16","author":"Atienza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4358-10.2011","article-title":"Cerebellar plasticity and the automation of first-order rules.","volume":"31","author":"Balsters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.10.019","article-title":"Fast and slow spindle involvement in the consolidation of a new motor sequence.","volume":"217","author":"Barakat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21090","article-title":"Default network connectivity during a working memory task.","volume":"32","author":"Bluhm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2003.08.013","article-title":"Circadian modulation of sequence learning under high and low sleep pressure conditions.","volume":"151","author":"Cajochen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004","article-title":"The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates.","volume":"129","author":"Cavanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.120.3.235","article-title":"Learning the structure of event sequences.","volume":"120","author":"Cleeremans","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506072102","article-title":"Off-line learning of motor skill memory: A double dissociation of goal and movement.","volume":"102","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0701-6","article-title":"Motor sequence consolidation: Constrained by critical time windows or competing components.","volume":"177","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R12","first-page":"12","article-title":"On the neural mechanisms of sequence learning.","volume":"2","author":"Curran","year":"1995","journal-title":"PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness (On-line)"},{"key":"2021072913352429000_R13","first-page":"365","article-title":"Implicit sequence learning from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. 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