{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:51:17Z","timestamp":1778136677879,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The role of puberty in the development of risk taking remains poorly understood. Here, in a normative sample of 268 participants between 8 and 25 years old, we applied a psycho-endocrine neuroimaging approach to investigate the contribution of testosterone levels and OFC morphology to individual differences in risk taking. Risk taking was measured with the balloon analogue risk-taking task. We found that, corrected for age, higher endogenous testosterone level was related to increased risk taking in boys (more explosions) and girls (more money earned). In addition, a smaller medial OFC volume in boys and larger OFC surface area in girls related to more risk taking. A mediation analysis indicated that OFC morphology partly mediates the association between testosterone level and risk taking, independent of age. Mediation was found in such a way that a smaller medial OFC in boys potentiates the association between testosterone and risk taking but suppresses the association in girls. This study provides insights into endocrinological and neural underpinnings of normative development of risk taking, by indicating that OFC morphology, at least partly, mediates the association between testosterone and risk-taking behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T16:39:19Z","timestamp":1373992759000},"page":"2141-2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Development of Risk Taking: Contributions from Adolescent Testosterone and the Orbito-frontal Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jiska S.","family":"Peper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Leiden University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"2Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"P. C\u00e9dric M. P.","family":"Koolschijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Leiden University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"2Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands"},{"name":"3University of Amsterdam"}]},{"given":"Eveline A.","family":"Crone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Leiden University, The Netherlands"},{"name":"2Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands"},{"name":"3University of Amsterdam"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913360199700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.12.007","article-title":"Evaluation of behavioral measures of risk taking propensity with inner city adolescents.","volume":"43","author":"Aklin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024412","article-title":"Risk-taking and alcohol use disorders symptomatology in a sample of problem drinkers.","volume":"19","author":"Ashenhurst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr258","article-title":"Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: Localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level.","volume":"22","author":"Aubele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21052","article-title":"The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain.","volume":"31","author":"Blakemore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.002","article-title":"The neural mechanisms by which testosterone acts on interpersonal trust.","volume":"61","author":"Bos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033850","article-title":"Sex matters during adolescence: Testosterone-related cortical thickness maturation differs between boys and girls.","volume":"7","author":"Bramen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.018","article-title":"A unified approach for morphometric and functional data analysis in young, old, and demented adults using automated atlas-based head size normalization: Reliability and validation against manual measurement of total intracranial volume.","volume":"23","author":"Buckner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2009.11.003","article-title":"Adolescents' heightened risk-seeking in a probabilistic gambling task.","volume":"25","author":"Burnett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(93)90004-9","article-title":"A self-administered rating scale for pubertal development.","volume":"14","author":"Carskadon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000588","article-title":"Developmental changes and individual differences in risk and perspective taking in adolescence.","volume":"20","author":"Crone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility.","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913360199700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.001","article-title":"Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. 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