{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:08:48Z","timestamp":1770772128867,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a social species, humans are acutely aware of cues that signal inclusionary status. This study characterizes behavioral and neural responses when individuals anticipate social feedback. Across two fMRI studies, participants (n = 42) made social judgments about supposed peers and then received feedback from those individuals. Of particular interest was the neural activity occurring when participants were awaiting social feedback. During this anticipatory period, increased neural activity was observed in the ventral striatum, a central component of the brain's reward circuitry, and dorsomedial pFC, a brain region implicated in mentalizing about others. Individuals high in rejection sensitivity exhibited greater responses in both the ventral striatum and dorsomedial pFC when anticipating positive feedback. These findings provide initial insight into the neural mechanisms involved in anticipating social evaluations as well as the cognitive processes that underlie rejection sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T16:39:19Z","timestamp":1373992759000},"page":"1887-1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Rejection Sensitivity Polarizes Striatal\u2013Medial Prefrontal Activity When Anticipating Social Feedback"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Powers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Dartmouth College"}]},{"given":"Leah H.","family":"Somerville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Harvard University"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Dartmouth College"}]},{"given":"Todd F.","family":"Heatherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Dartmouth College"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913354652300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.776","article-title":"Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity.","volume":"79","author":"Ayduk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(86)90128-5","article-title":"Self-esteem and likeability: Separating fact from fantasy.","volume":"20","author":"Brockner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20062","article-title":"Are attractive people rewarding? Sex differences in the neural substrates of facial attractiveness.","volume":"20","author":"Cloutier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204507","article-title":"Psyscope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments.","volume":"25","author":"Cohen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.789","article-title":"Inferred evaluation and the relation between attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction.","volume":"54","author":"Condon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20895","article-title":"Being liked activates primary reward and midline self-related brain regions.","volume":"31","author":"Davey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.6.1327","article-title":"Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships.","volume":"70","author":"Downey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00137","article-title":"The biological basis of social interaction.","volume":"10","author":"Frith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)00025-6","article-title":"Functional imaging of \u201ctheory of mind\u201d.","volume":"7","author":"Gallagher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1803","article-title":"Two takes on the social brain: A comparison of theory of mind tasks.","volume":"19","author":"Gobbini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131616","article-title":"Neuroscience of self and self-regulation.","volume":"62","author":"Heatherton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn019","article-title":"Mentalizing about emotion and its relationship to empathy.","volume":"3","author":"Hooker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00019-1","article-title":"Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events.","volume":"96","author":"Horvitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13039","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2972-11.2011","article-title":"Behavioral and neural properties of social reinforcement learning.","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-j0002.2001","article-title":"Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens.","volume":"21","author":"Knutson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16832","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3016-12.2012","article-title":"Positively biased processing of self-relevant social feedback.","volume":"32","author":"Korn","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.6.945","article-title":"Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity.","volume":"19","author":"Kross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.89.2.203","article-title":"Social competence and depression: The role of illusory self-perceptions.","volume":"89","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr006","article-title":"Social and monetary reward learning engage overlapping neural substrates.","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15238","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232395699","article-title":"Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge.","volume":"99","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.040","article-title":"Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others.","volume":"50","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/13156-000","volume-title":"The acquaintance process.","author":"Newcomb","year":"1961"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00603-7","article-title":"Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward.","volume":"33","author":"O'Doherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0711","article-title":"Separating processes within a trial in event-related functional MRI.","volume":"13","author":"Ollinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0710","article-title":"Separating processes within a trial in event-related functional MRI.","volume":"13","author":"Ollinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R27","first-page":"211","article-title":"Expectancies.","volume-title":"Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles","author":"Olson","year":"1996"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008137107","article-title":"Reputation for reciprocity engages the brain reward center.","volume":"107","author":"Phan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr079","article-title":"Socially excluded individuals fail to recruit medial prefrontal cortex for negative social scenes.","volume":"8","author":"Powers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00130","article-title":"The neural correlates of empathy: Experience, automaticity, and prosocial behavior.","volume":"24","author":"Rameson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00755-9","article-title":"A neural basis for social cooperation.","volume":"35","author":"Rilling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.1.1","article-title":"Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons.","volume":"80","author":"Schultz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00967-4","article-title":"Getting formal with dopamine and reward.","volume":"36","author":"Schultz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward.","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1728","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex responds differentially to expectancy violation and social rejection.","volume":"9","author":"Somerville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq049","article-title":"Self-esteem modulates medial prefrontal cortical responses to evaluative social feedback.","volume":"20","author":"Somerville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1412.001","article-title":"Fairness and cooperation are rewarding: Evidence from social cognitive neuroscience.","volume":"1118","author":"Tabibnia","year":"2007","journal-title":"New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.013","article-title":"Neural regions associated with self control and mentalizing are recruited during prosocial behaviors towards the family.","volume":"58","author":"Telzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr074","article-title":"Individual differences in the spontaneous recruitment of brain regions supporting mental state understanding when viewing natural social scenes.","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929042947838","article-title":"Understanding intentions in social interaction: The role of the anterior paracingulate cortex.","volume":"16","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913354652300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7646","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6193-11.2012","article-title":"Response of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex predicts altruistic behavior.","volume":"32","author":"Waytz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/25\/11\/1887\/1946053\/jocn_a_00446.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/25\/11\/1887\/1946053\/jocn_a_00446.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T19:56:23Z","timestamp":1715716583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/25\/11\/1887\/5339\/Rejection-Sensitivity-Polarizes-Striatal-Medial"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00446","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}}}