{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1761975387434},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The emergentist-connectionist approach assumes that language processing reflects interaction between primary neural systems (Primary Systems Hypothesis). This idea offers an overarching framework that generalizes to various kinds of (English) language and nonverbal cognitive activities. The current study advances this approach with respect to language in two new and important ways. The first is the provision of a neuroanatomically constrained implementation of the theory. The second is a test of its ability to generalize to a language other than English (in this case Japanese) and, in particular, to a feature of that language (pitch accent) for which there is no English equivalent. A corpus analysis revealed the presence and distribution of typical and atypical accent forms in Japanese vocabulary, forming a quasiregular domain. Consequently, according to the Primary Systems Hypothesis, there should be a greater semantic impact on the processing of words with an atypical pitch accent. In turn, when word meaning is intrinsically less rich (e.g., abstract words), speakers should be prone to regularization errors of pitch accent. We explored these semantic-phonological interactions, first, in a neuroanatomically constrained, parallel-distributed processing model of spoken language processing. This model captured the accent typicality effect observed in nonword repetition in Japanese adults and children and exhibited the predicted semantic impact on repetition of words with atypical accent patterns. Second, also as predicted, in word repetition and immediate serial recall of spoken words, human participants exhibited reduced pitch\u2013accent accuracy and\/or slower RT for low imageability words with atypical accent patterns, and they generated accent errors reflecting the more typical accent patterns found in Japanese.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,18]],"date-time":"2013-09-18T13:46:34Z","timestamp":1379511994000},"page":"433-446","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Not Lost in Translation: Generalization of the Primary Systems Hypothesis to Japanese-specific Language Processes"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Taiji","family":"Ueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Manchester"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Manchester"},{"name":"2Kyoto University"}]},{"given":"Akie","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Doshisya University, Kyoto, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Tanida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Kyoto University"}]},{"given":"Karalyn","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4University of Cambridge"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Lambon Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Manchester"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000362072700_R23","volume-title":"Shinmeikai Nihongo accent jiten","author":"Akinaga","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R1","volume-title":"Japanese NTT database series: Lexical properties of Japanese (1).","author":"Amano","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R2","volume-title":"Japanese NTT database series: Lexical properties of Japanese, word-frequency (11).","author":"Amano","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00005-0","article-title":"Visual complexity in letter-by-letter reading: \u201cPure\u201d alexia is not so pure.","volume":"36","author":"Behrmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.2.201","article-title":"Short-term memory for serial order: A recurrent neural network model.","volume":"113","author":"Botvinick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.661441","article-title":"In search of meaning: Semantic effects on past-tense inflection.","volume":"65","author":"Butler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.3.348","article-title":"Unlocking the nature of the phonological-deep dyslexia continuum: The keys to reading aloud are in phonology and semantics.","volume":"18","author":"Crisp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000362072700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1994.1039","article-title":"Mora of phoneme? 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