{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:34:48Z","timestamp":1776738888002,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>One of the functions of the brain is to predict sensory consequences of our own actions. In auditory processing, self-initiated sounds evoke a smaller brain response than passive sound exposure of the same sound sequence. Previous work suggests that this response attenuation reflects a predictive mechanism to differentiate the sensory consequences of one's own actions from other sensory input, which seems to form the basis for the sense of agency (recognizing oneself as the agent of the movement). This study addresses the question whether attenuation of brain responses to self-initiated sounds can be explained by brain activity involved in movement planning rather than movement execution. We recorded ERPs in response to sounds initiated by button presses. In one condition, participants moved a finger to press the button voluntarily, whereas in another condition, we initiated a similar, but involuntary, finger movement by stimulating the corresponding region of the primary motor cortex with TMS. For involuntary movements, no movement intention (and no feeling of agency) could be formed; thus, no motor plans were available to the forward model. A portion of the brain response evoked by the sounds, the N1-P2 complex, was reduced in amplitude following voluntary, self-initiated movements, but not following movements initiated by motor cortex stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that movement intention and the corresponding feeling of agency determine sensory attenuation of brain responses to self-initiated sounds. The present results support the assumptions of a predictive internal forward model account operating before primary motor cortex activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T14:49:02Z","timestamp":1389019742000},"page":"1481-1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Motor Intention Determines Sensory Attenuation of Brain Responses to Self-initiated Sounds"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Timm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Leipzig"},{"name":"2University of Montreal"}]},{"given":"Iria","family":"SanMiguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Leipzig"},{"name":"2University of Montreal"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Montreal"},{"name":"3Charit\u00e9 Berlin"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Schr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Leipzig"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Sch\u00f6nwiesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Montreal"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000420617600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21055","article-title":"Motor-induced suppression of the auditory cortex.","volume":"21","author":"Aliu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01196.x","article-title":"Selective suppression of self-initiated sounds in an auditory stream: An ERP study.","volume":"48","author":"Baess","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.005","article-title":"Suppression of the auditory N1 event-related potential component with unpredictable self-initiated tones: Evidence for internal forward models with dynamic stimulation.","volume":"70","author":"B\u00e4ss","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/2870","article-title":"Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation.","volume":"1","author":"Blakemore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01907-1","article-title":"Abnormalities in the awareness of action.","volume":"6","author":"Blakemore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1873","article-title":"Premotor cortex modulates somatosensory cortex during voluntary movements without proprioceptive feedback.","volume":"10","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70078-9","article-title":"A ticklish question: Does magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex give rise to an \u201cefference copy\u201d?","volume":"39","author":"Chronicle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90117-T","article-title":"Analysis of the coil generated impulse noise in extracranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"85","author":"Counter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2457","article-title":"Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom.","volume":"9","author":"Crapse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037959","article-title":"Believing and perceiving: Authorship belief modulates sensory attenuation.","volume":"7","author":"Desantis","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169896","article-title":"Movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans.","volume":"324","author":"Desmurget","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.08.001","article-title":"A parietal-premotor network for movement intention and motor awareness.","volume":"13","author":"Desmurget","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00533.x","article-title":"Dissecting corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia.","volume":"44","author":"Ford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0734","article-title":"Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action.","volume":"355","author":"Frith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00012","article-title":"I did it: Unconscious expectation of sensory consequences modulates the experience of self-agency and its functional signature.","volume":"23","author":"Gentsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.04.012","article-title":"Conscious intention and motor cognition.","volume":"9","author":"Haggard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050778","article-title":"Localising awareness of action with transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"127","author":"Haggard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.10.018","article-title":"Supplementary motor area provides an efferent signal for sensory suppression.","volume":"19","author":"Haggard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research, Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A primer.","volume":"55","author":"Hallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/h0081155","article-title":"Selective auditory attention and early event-related potentials: A rejoinder.","volume":"35","author":"Hillyard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4108.177","article-title":"Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain.","volume":"182","author":"Hillyard","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.12.008","article-title":"Action-sound coincidence-related attenuation of auditory ERPs is not modulated by affordance compatibility.","volume":"93","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12009","article-title":"Attenuation of auditory ERPs to action-sound coincidences is not explained by voluntary allocation of attention.","volume":"50","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00215","article-title":"Action-sound coincidences suppress evoked responses of the human auditory cortex in EEG and MEG.","volume":"24","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00167","article-title":"The cerebellum generates motor-to-auditory predictions: ERP lesion evidence.","volume":"24","author":"Knolle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028657","article-title":"Whodunnit? Electrophysiological correlates of agency judgements.","volume":"6","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229149","article-title":"Effects of voluntary movements on early auditory brain responses.","volume":"110","author":"Makeig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh131","article-title":"Suppressed responses to self-triggered sounds in the human auditory cortex.","volume":"15","author":"Martikainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R29","first-page":"2503","article-title":"Disrupting the experience of control in the human brain: Pre-supplementary motor area contributes to the sense of agency.","volume":"277","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12024","article-title":"Sensory suppression effects to self-initiated sounds reflect the attenuation of the unspecific N1 component of the auditory ERP.","volume":"50","author":"SanMiguel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.01.003","article-title":"Action observation modulates auditory perception of the consequence of others' actions.","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.10.011","article-title":"Both motor prediction and conceptual congruency between preview and action-effect contribute to explicit judgment of agency.","volume":"110","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4095.175","article-title":"Self-stimulation alters human sensory brain responses.","volume":"181","author":"Schafer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71905-2","volume-title":"Das TMS-Buch: Handbuch der transkraniellen Magnetstimulation.","author":"Siebner","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3204-7","article-title":"Self-initiation and temporal cueing of monaural tones reduce the auditory N1 and P2.","volume":"222","author":"Sowman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2007.03.010","article-title":"Beyond the comparator model: A multifactorial two-step account of agency.","volume":"17","author":"Synofzik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.049","article-title":"Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures.","volume":"21","author":"Thut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00038-3","article-title":"Separation of contamination caused by coil clicks from responses elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"110","author":"Tiitinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-2","article-title":"The N1-suppression effect for self-initiated sounds is independent of attention.","volume":"14","author":"Timm","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290442000158","article-title":"Experimenting with the acting self.","volume":"22","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.008","article-title":"An improvement in perception of self-generated tactile stimuli following theta-burst stimulation of primary motor cortex.","volume":"45","author":"Voss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1592","article-title":"Sensorimotor attenuation by central motor command signals in the absence of movement.","volume":"9","author":"Voss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002866","article-title":"Mere expectation to move causes attenuation of sensory signals.","volume":"3","author":"Voss","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.06.011","article-title":"The self in action effects: Selective attenuation of self-generated sounds.","volume":"121","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22723","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022723","article-title":"The self in social interactions: Sensory attenuation of auditory action effects is stronger in interactions with others.","volume":"6","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2021073000420617600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569931","article-title":"An internal model for sensorimotor integration.","volume":"269","author":"Wolpert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/26\/7\/1481\/1947348\/jocn_a_00552.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/26\/7\/1481\/1947348\/jocn_a_00552.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:50:00Z","timestamp":1627606200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/26\/7\/1481\/28127\/Motor-Intention-Determines-Sensory-Attenuation-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00552","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]}}}