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Previous studies have demonstrated increased activity in sensory cortex following the omission of an expected stimulus, yet it is unclear whether this increased activity constitutes a general surprise signal or rather has representational content. One intriguing possibility is that top\u2013down expectation leads to the formation of a template of the expected stimulus in visual cortex, which can then be compared with subsequent bottom\u2013up input. To test this hypothesis, we used fMRI to noninvasively measure neural activity patterns in early visual cortex of human participants during expected but omitted visual stimuli. Our results show that prior expectation of a specific visual stimulus evokes a feature-specific pattern of activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) similar to that evoked by the corresponding actual stimulus. These results are in line with the notion that prior expectation triggers the formation of specific stimulus templates to efficiently process expected sensory inputs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T14:49:02Z","timestamp":1389019742000},"page":"1546-1554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["Prior Expectations Evoke Stimulus Templates in the Primary Visual Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Kok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Radboud University Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel F.","family":"Failing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Radboud University Nijmegen"},{"name":"2VU University Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floris 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