{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:19:10Z","timestamp":1780550350316,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Action execution\u2013perception links (mirror mechanism) have been repeatedly suggested to play crucial roles in social cognition. Remarkably, the designs of most studies exploring this topic so far excluded even the simplest traces of social interaction, such as a movement of the observer toward another individual. This study introduces a new design by investigating the effects of camera movements, possibly simulating the observer's own approaching movement toward the scene. We conducted a combined high-density EEG and behavioral study investigating motor cortex activation during action observation measured by event-related desynchronization and resynchronization (ERD\/ERS) of the mu rhythm. Stimuli were videos showing a goal-related hand action filmed while using the camera in four different ways: filming from a fixed position, zooming in on the scene, approaching the scene by means of a dolly, and approaching the scene by means of a steadycam. Results demonstrated a consistently stronger ERD of the mu rhythm for videos that were filmed while approaching the scene with a steadycam. Furthermore, videos in which the zoom was applied reliably demonstrated a stronger rebound. A rating task showed that videos in which the camera approached the scene were felt as more involving and the steadycam was most able to produce a visual experience close to the one of a human approaching the scene. These results suggest that filming technique predicts time course specifics of ERD\/ERS during action observation with only videos simulating the natural vision of a walking human observer eliciting a stronger ERD than videos filmed from a fixed position. This demonstrates the utility of ecologically designed studies for exploring social cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T18:21:35Z","timestamp":1395771695000},"page":"2087-2101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Moving Mirrors: A High-density EEG Study Investigating the Effect of Camera Movements on Motor Cortex Activation during Action Observation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Heimann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Alessandra","family":"Umilt\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Gallese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000583329800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2182","article-title":"Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players.","volume":"11","author":"Aglioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037534","article-title":"The dynamics of sensorimotor cortical oscillations during the observation of hand movements: An EEG study.","volume":"7","author":"Avanzini","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.035","article-title":"Judgment of actions in experts: A high-resolution EEG study in elite athletes.","volume":"45","author":"Babiloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2007.03.004","article-title":"EEG mu rhythm and imitation impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"64","author":"Bernier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain & Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166818","article-title":"Mirror neurons differentially encode the peripersonal and extrapersonal space of monkeys.","volume":"45","author":"Caggiano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi007","article-title":"Action observation and acquired motor skills: An fMRI study with expert dancers.","volume":"15","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.065","article-title":"Seeing or doing? Influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation.","volume":"16","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.41","article-title":"The mirror neuron system.","volume":"66","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.12.115","article-title":"The power of stimulation:Imagining one's own and other's behavior.","volume":"1079","author":"Decety","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01234.x","article-title":"Abnormal cortical activation during planning of voluntary movement in patient with epilepsy with focal motor seizures: Event-related desynchronization study of electroencephalographic mu rhythm.","volume":"38","author":"Derambure","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0160","article-title":"The social brain: Allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been.","volume":"365","author":"Frith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R11","first-page":"183","article-title":"Embodying movies: Embodied simulation and film studies.","volume":"3","author":"Gallese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cinema: Journal of Philosophy and the Moving Image"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R12","article-title":"The feeling of motion: Camera movements and motor cognition.","volume-title":"Cin\u00e9ma et Cie. International Film Studies Journal","author":"Gallese","year":""},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.07.002","article-title":"A unifying view of the basis of social cognition.","volume":"8","author":"Gallese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.09.003","article-title":"What is so special about embodied simulation?","volume":"15","author":"Gallese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2007","article-title":"Brain basis of human social interaction: From concepts to brain imaging.","volume":"89","author":"Hari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiological Review"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.014","article-title":"How the motor-cortex distinguishes among letters, unknown symbols and scribbles. A high density EEG study.","volume":"51","author":"Heimann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.018","article-title":"Motor-cortical beta oscillations are modulated by correctness of observed action.","volume":"40","author":"Koelewijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(96)96051-7","article-title":"Event-related coherence and event-related desynchronization\/synchronization in the 10 Hz and 20 Hz EEG during self-paced movements.","volume":"104","author":"Leocani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.020","article-title":"Premotor activations in response to visually presented single letters depend on the hand used to write: A study on left-handers.","volume":"43","author":"Longcamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023437823106","article-title":"Mu and beta rhythm topographies during motor imagery and actual movements.","volume":"12","author":"McFarland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8986.2003.00129.x","article-title":"Changes in rolandic mu rhythm during observation of a precision grip.","volume":"41","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.03.004","article-title":"Primary motor cortex activation during observation revealed by wavelet analysis of the EEG.","volume":"115","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.12.001","article-title":"Mu rhythm modulation during observation of an object-directed grasp.","volume":"19","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2006.02.024","article-title":"EEG evidence for mirror neuron activity during the observation of human and robot actions: Toward an analysis of the human qualities of interactive robots.","volume":"70","author":"Oberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl022","article-title":"The human mirror neuron system: A link between action observation and social skills.","volume":"6","author":"Oberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Cognition and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory.","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06271.x","article-title":"Expertise in dance modulates alpha\/beta event-related desynchronization during action observation.","volume":"27","author":"Orgs","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910903395767","article-title":"Exploring motor system contributions to the perception of social information: Evidence from EEG activity in the mu\/alpha frequency range.","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(79)90063-4","article-title":"Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movements.","volume":"46","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90250-2","article-title":"Patterns of cortical activation during planning of voluntary movement.","volume":"72","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles.","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.12.034","article-title":"Beta rebound after different types of motor imagery in man.","volume":"378","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90556-8","article-title":"Visualization of sensorimotor areas involved in preparation for hand movement based on classification of \u03bc and central \u03b2 rhythms in single EEG trials in man.","volume":"181","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230","article-title":"The mirror-neuron system.","volume":"27","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annuals of the Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2805","article-title":"The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: Interpretations and misinterpretations.","volume":"11","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075241","article-title":"ERP modulation during observation of abstract paintings by Franz Kline.","volume":"8","author":"Sbriscia-Fioretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2371-7","article-title":"Time course and specificity of sensory motor alpha modulation during the observation of hand motor acts and gestures: A high density EEG study.","volume":"205","author":"Streltsova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90126-0","article-title":"Event related desynchronization and movement-related cortical potentials on the ECoG and EEG.","volume":"93","author":"Toro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000583329800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00311","article-title":"Abstract art and cortical motor activation: An EEG study.","volume":"6","author":"Umilt\u00e0","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/26\/9\/2087\/1947778\/jocn_a_00602.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/26\/9\/2087\/1947778\/jocn_a_00602.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1627608647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/26\/9\/2087\/28258\/Moving-Mirrors-A-High-density-EEG-Study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00602","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]}}}