{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:08:16Z","timestamp":1770484096590,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\u201cTip-of-the-tongue\u201d (TOT) is the phenomenon associated with the inaccessibility of a known word from memory. It is universally experienced, increases in frequency with age, and is most common for proper nouns. It is a good model for the symptom of anomia experienced much more frequently by some aphasic patients following brain injury. Here, we induced the TOT state in older participants while they underwent brain scanning with magnetoencephalography to investigate the changes in oscillatory brain activity associated with failed retrieval of known words. Using confrontation naming of pictures of celebrities, we successfully induced the TOT state in 29% of trials and contrasted it with two other states: \u201cKnow\u201d where the participants both correctly recognized the celebrity's face and retrieved their name and \u201cDon't Know\u201d when the participants did not recognize the celebrity. We wished to test Levelt's influential model of speech output by carrying out two analyses, one epoching the data to the point in time when the picture was displayed and the other looking back in time from when the participants first articulated their responses. Our main findings supported the components of Levelt's model, but not their serial activation over time as both semantic and motor areas were identified in both analyses. We also found enduring decreases in the alpha frequency band in the left ventral temporal region during the TOT state, suggesting ongoing semantic search. Finally, we identified reduced beta power in classical peri-sylvian language areas for the TOT condition, suggesting that brain regions that encode linguistic memories are also involved in their attempted retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T14:47:17Z","timestamp":1395931637000},"page":"2210-2223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Between Thought and Expression, a Magnetoencephalography Study of the \u201cTip-of-the-Tongue\u201d Phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Karmen","family":"Resnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gareth R.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex P.","family":"Leff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000491807300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10072","article-title":"Statistical flattening of MEG beamformer images.","volume":"18","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)59012-0","article-title":"Oscillatory neuronal dynamics during language comprehension.","volume":"159","author":"Bastiaansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21283","article-title":"Syntactic unification operations are reflected in oscillatory dynamics during on-line sentence comprehension.","volume":"22","author":"Bastiaansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038","article-title":"Canonical microcircuits for predictive coding.","volume":"76","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies.","volume":"19","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.050","article-title":"Optimising experimental design for MEG beamformer imaging.","volume":"39","author":"Brookes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.2.204","article-title":"A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience.","volume":"109","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2307\/1422928","article-title":"Age-related changes in the tip-of-the-tongue experience.","volume":"109","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.12.006","article-title":"The somatotopy of speech: Phonation and articulation in the human motor cortex.","volume":"70","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(88)90078-4","article-title":"Why don't Broca's aphasics cue themselves? An investigation of phonemic cueing and tip of the tongue information.","volume":"26","author":"Bruce","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01374.x","article-title":"An event-related potentials study of face naming: Evidence of phonological retrieval deficit in the tip-of-the-tongue state.","volume":"49","author":"Bujan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.012","article-title":"Movement related cortical potentials in a face naming task: Influence of the tip-of-the-tongue state.","volume":"72","author":"Bujan","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000491807300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90026-G","article-title":"On the tip of the 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