{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:37:18Z","timestamp":1770817038796,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In skilled reading, fixations are brief periods of time in which the eyes settle on words. E-Z Reader, a computational model of dynamic reading, posits that fixation durations are under real-time control of lexical processing. Lexical processing, in turn, requires efficient visual encoding. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in fixation durations are related to individual differences in the efficiency of early visual encoding. To test this hypothesis, we recorded participants' eye movements during reading. We then examined individual differences in fixation duration distributions as a function of individual differences in the morphology of primary visual cortex measured from MRI scans. The results showed that greater gray matter surface area and volume in visual cortex predicted shorter and less variable fixation durations in reading. These results suggest that individual differences in eye movements during skilled reading are related to initial visual encoding, consistent with models such as E-Z Reader that emphasize lexical control over fixation time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,4]],"date-time":"2014-06-04T12:07:34Z","timestamp":1401883654000},"page":"2880-2888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Morphology of Primary Visual Cortex Predicts Individual Differences in Fixation Duration during Text Reading"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of South Carolina"}]},{"given":"Wonil","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of South Carolina"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Brigham Young University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000474078100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411408885","article-title":"Moving beyond the mean in studies of mental chronometry: The power of response time distributional analyses.","volume":"20","author":"Balota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R2","first-page":"643","article-title":"Children's eye movements during reading.","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of eye movements","author":"Blythe","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction.","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest.","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.4.777","article-title":"SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading.","volume":"112","author":"Engbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","article-title":"Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex.","volume":"14","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer.","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","article-title":"Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images.","volume":"97","author":"Fischl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system.","volume":"9","author":"Fischl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195574","article-title":"QMPE: Estimating Lognormal, Wald, and Weibull RT distributions with a parameter-dependent lower bound.","volume":"36","author":"Heathcote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R11","first-page":"69","article-title":"Eye movements.","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of cognitive psychology","author":"Henderson","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R12","article-title":"Neural systems for eye movement control during text reading: Evidence from fMRI","author":"Henderson","year":"-"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2017.1329322","article-title":"Neural correlates of individual differences in fixation duration during natural reading","author":"Henderson","year":"-"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0274-2","article-title":"Oculomotor inhibition of return in normal and mindless reading.","volume":"19","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R15","article-title":"Stable individual differences in saccadic eye movements during reading, pseudoreading, scene viewing, and scene search.","author":"Henderson","year":"","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00028","article-title":"Co-registration of eye movements and event-related potentials in connected-text paragraph reading.","volume":"7","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00171","article-title":"101 labeled brain images and a consistent human cortical labeling protocol.","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2011.03.002","article-title":"Effects of individual differences in verbal skills on eye movement patterns during sentence reading.","volume":"65","author":"Kuperman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-013-0482-5","article-title":"Oculomotor and cognitive control of eye movements in reading: Evidence from mindless reading.","volume":"75","author":"Luke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00400","article-title":"Temporal cculomotor inhibition of return and spatial facilitation of return in a visual encoding task.","volume":"4","author":"Luke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2013.12087480","article-title":"Opening a window into reading development: Eye movements' role within a broader literacy research framework.","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.022","article-title":"Mindless reading revisited: An analysis based on the SWIFT model of eye movement control.","volume":"49","author":"Nuthmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.11.005","article-title":"The IOVP effect in mindless reading: Experiment and modeling.","volume":"47","author":"Nuthmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07213.x","article-title":"Onset timing of cross-sensory activations and multisensory interactions in auditory and visual sensory cortices.","volume":"31","author":"Raij","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 Years of research.","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461","article-title":"The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search.","volume":"62","author":"Rayner","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R27","first-page":"734","article-title":"Mindless reading revisited: Eye movements during reading and scanning are different.","volume":"58","author":"Rayner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.05.007","article-title":"Eye movements during information processing tasks: Individual differences and cultural effects.","volume":"47","author":"Rayner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2013.03.001","article-title":"Using E-Z Reader to examine the concurrent development of eye movement control and reading skill.","volume":"33","author":"Reichle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.125","article-title":"Toward a model of eye movement control in reading.","volume":"105","author":"Reichle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X03000104","article-title":"The E-Z Reader model of eye movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models.","volume":"26","author":"Reichle","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00361","article-title":"Neurophysiological constraints on the eye\u2013mind link.","volume":"7","author":"Reichle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01169.x","article-title":"Testing an assumption of the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control during reading: Using event-related potentials to examine the familiarity check.","volume":"48","author":"Reichle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.1.1","article-title":"Using E-Z Reader to model the effects of higher level language processing on eye movements during reading.","volume":"16","author":"Reichle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2012.03.001","article-title":"Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations.","volume":"65","author":"Reingold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0444-x","article-title":"Individual differences in fixation duration distributions in reading.","volume":"20","author":"Staub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R37","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Distributional effects of word frequency on eye fixation durations.","volume":"36","author":"Staub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.073","article-title":"Specialization for written words over objects in the visual cortex.","volume":"56","author":"Szwed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00499","article-title":"Effects of literacy in early visual and occipitotemporal areas of Chinese and French readers.","volume":"26","author":"Szwed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.826258","article-title":"Lexical quality and eye movements: Individual differences in the perceptual span of skilled adult readers.","volume":"67","author":"Veldre","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R41","first-page":"352","article-title":"Mindless reading: Eye movement characteristics are similar in scanning letter strings and reading texts.","volume":"57","author":"Vitu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00569.x","article-title":"How to exploit diversity for scientific gain: Using individual differences to constrain cognitive theory.","volume":"17","author":"Vogel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R43","first-page":"603","article-title":"The distribution of fixation durations during reading: Effects of stimulus quality.","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073000474078100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00025-6","article-title":"Eye movements during reading: A theory of saccade initiation times.","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/26\/12\/2880\/1948214\/jocn_a_00668.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/26\/12\/2880\/1948214\/jocn_a_00668.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:00:17Z","timestamp":1627606817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/26\/12\/2880\/28206\/Morphology-of-Primary-Visual-Cortex-Predicts"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00668","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]}}}