{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:48:31Z","timestamp":1762955311836},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To make sense of our ever-changing world, our brains search out patterns. This drive can be so strong that the brain imposes patterns when there are none. The opposite can also occur: The brain can overlook patterns because they do not conform to expectations. In this study, we examined this neural sensitivity to patterns within the auditory brainstem, an evolutionarily ancient part of the brain that can be fine-tuned by experience and is integral to an array of cognitive functions. We have recently shown that this auditory hub is sensitive to patterns embedded within a novel sound stream, and we established a link between neural sensitivity and behavioral indices of learning [Skoe, E., Krizman, J., Spitzer, E., &amp; Kraus, N. The auditory brainstem is a barometer of rapid auditory learning. Neuroscience, 243, 104\u2013114, 2013]. We now ask whether this sensitivity to stimulus statistics is biased by prior experience and the expectations arising from this experience. To address this question, we recorded complex auditory brainstem responses (cABRs) to two patterned sound sequences formed from a set of eight repeating tones. For both patterned sequences, the eight tones were presented such that the transitional probability (TP) between neighboring tones was either 33% (low predictability) or 100% (high predictability). Although both sequences were novel to the healthy young adult listener and had similar TP distributions, one was perceived to be more musical than the other. For the more musical sequence, participants performed above chance when tested on their recognition of the most predictable two-tone combinations within the sequence (TP of 100%); in this case, the cABR differed from a baseline condition where the sound sequence had no predictable structure. In contrast, for the less musical sequence, learning was at chance, suggesting that listeners were \u201cdeaf\u201d to the highly predictable repeating two-tone combinations in the sequence. For this condition, the cABR also did not differ from baseline. From this, we posit that the brainstem acts as a Bayesian sound processor, such that it factors in prior knowledge about the environment to index the probability of particular events within ever-changing sensory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T13:41:58Z","timestamp":1406295718000},"page":"124-140","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prior Experience Biases Subcortical Sensitivity to Sound Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Skoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Krizman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000465385600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20058","article-title":"On-line assessment of statistical learning by event-related potentials.","volume":"20","author":"Abla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213555110","article-title":"Reversal of age-related neural timing delays with training.","volume":"110","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17306","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1915-11.2011","article-title":"Effect of auditory cortex deactivation on stimulus-specific adaptation in the medial geniculate body.","volume":"31","author":"Antunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014071","article-title":"Stimulus-specific adaptation in the auditory thalamus of the anesthetized rat.","volume":"5","author":"Antunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00937.x","article-title":"Statistical learning in typically developing children: The role of age and speed of stimulus presentation.","volume":"14","author":"Arciuli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R6","first-page":"114","article-title":"Cortical modulation of auditory processing in the midbrain.","volume":"6","author":"Bajo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.07.005","article-title":"Segmenting dynamic human action via statistical structure.","volume":"106","author":"Baldwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9708","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5814-10.2011","article-title":"Stimulus-specific adaptation in the gerbil primary auditory thalamus is the result of a fast frequency-specific habituation and is regulated by the corticofugal system.","volume":"31","author":"Bauerle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R9","first-page":"58","article-title":"The interplay of Bayesian and Frequentist analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.19.2.290","article-title":"Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task.","volume":"19","author":"Bialystok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-010-0236-1","article-title":"Subcortical plasticity following perceptual learning in a pitch discrimination task.","volume":"12","author":"Carcagno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.10.006","article-title":"Context-dependent encoding in the human auditory brainstem relates to hearing speech in noise: Implications for developmental dyslexia.","volume":"64","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00928.x","article-title":"The scalp-recorded brainstem response to speech: Neural origins and plasticity.","volume":"47","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00923.2011","article-title":"Human inferior colliculus activity relates to individual differences in spoken language learning.","volume":"107","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500380051005","article-title":"Brain stem auditory evoked responses: Studies of waveform variations in 50 normal human subjects.","volume":"36","author":"Chiappa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0902-08.2008","article-title":"Neural correlates of perceptual learning in the auditory brainstem: Efferent activity predicts and reflects improvement at a speech-in-noise discrimination task.","volume":"28","author":"de Boer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1541","article-title":"Neural population coding of sound level adapts to stimulus statistics.","volume":"8","author":"Dean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600676103","article-title":"Extending the effects of spike-timing-dependent plasticity to behavioral timescales.","volume":"103","author":"Drew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.04.002","article-title":"The curse of knowledge: First language knowledge impairs adult learners' use of novel statistics for word segmentation.","volume":"108","author":"Finn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003298","article-title":"Towards a general theory of neural computation based on prediction by single neurons.","volume":"3","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605; author reply 605","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787-c1","article-title":"A neurocentric approach to Bayesian inference.","volume":"11","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr022","article-title":"Musical expertise boosts implicit learning of both musical and linguistic structures.","volume":"21","author":"Francois","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200409150-00012","article-title":"Brain stem evoked response to forward and reversed speech in humans.","volume":"15","author":"Galbraith","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.06.002","article-title":"Acoustic basis of context dependent brainstem encoding of speech.","volume":"304","author":"Gnanateja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R25","volume-title":"New handbook of auditory evoked responses","author":"Hall","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R26","volume-title":"Clinical applications of the auditory brainstem response","author":"Hood","year":"1998"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901123106","article-title":"Subcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception.","volume":"106","author":"Hornickel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04579.x","article-title":"Top\u2013down control of rhythm perception modulates early auditory responses.","volume":"1169","author":"Iversen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007803102254","article-title":"Brain electrical activity evoked by mental formation of auditory expectations and images.","volume":"13","author":"Janata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415409","article-title":"Fractal noise strength in auditory-nerve fiber recordings.","volume":"99","author":"Kelly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.10.078","article-title":"Short-term effects of processing musical syntax: An ERP study.","volume":"1212","author":"Koelsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2882","article-title":"Music training for the development of auditory skills.","volume":"11","author":"Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9102-6_17","article-title":"The cognitive auditory system: The role of learning in shaping the biology of the auditory system.","volume-title":"Perspectives on Auditory Research","author":"Kraus","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.03.005","article-title":"The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically-relevant pitch patterns.","volume":"110","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197636","article-title":"Acquisition of the hierarchy of tonal functions in music.","volume":"10","author":"Krumhansl","year":"1982","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01056.x","article-title":"On-line statistical segmentation of a non-speech auditory stream in neonates as demonstrated by event-related brain potentials.","volume":"14","author":"Kudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00484.2003","article-title":"Short-term adaptation of auditory receptive fields to dynamic stimuli.","volume":"91","author":"Kvale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.1.119","article-title":"The dynamics of attending: How people track time-varying events.","volume":"106","author":"Large","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04550.x","article-title":"Pulse and meter as neural resonance.","volume":"1169","author":"Large","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085442","article-title":"Selective attention modulates human auditory brainstem responses: Relative contributions of frequency and spatial cues.","volume":"9","author":"Lehmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.10.007","article-title":"All words are not created equal: Expectations about word length guide infant statistical learning.","volume":"122","author":"Lew-Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2010.27.5.377","article-title":"Humans rapidly learn grammatical structure in a new musical scale.","volume":"27","author":"Loui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11615","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3972-08.2008","article-title":"Corticofugal modulation of initial sound processing in the brain.","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4153-08.2009","article-title":"Stimulus-specific adaptation in the inferior colliculus of the anesthetized rat.","volume":"29","author":"Malmierca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5583.003.0005","article-title":"Bayesian modeling of visual perception.","volume-title":"Probabilistic models of the brain: Perception and neural function","author":"Mamassian","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328348ab19","article-title":"Harmonic relationships influence auditory brainstem encoding of chords.","volume":"22","author":"Marmel","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2011.21632","article-title":"Tonal expectations influence early pitch processing.","volume":"23","author":"Marmel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(01)00157-3","article-title":"Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination.","volume":"82","author":"Maye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, L. B. (1994). Music, the arts, and ideas patterns and predictions in twentieth-century culture. from site.ebrary.com\/lib\/uchicago\/Doc?id=10392306.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226521442.001.0001"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0022429408322854","article-title":"Enculturation effects in music cognition.","volume":"56","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Music Education"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(73)90223-X","article-title":"Laboratory note. Scalp-recorded early responses in man to frequencies in the speech range.","volume":"35","author":"Moushegian","year":"1973","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060126","article-title":"Low-level information and high-level perception: The case of speech in noise.","volume":"6","author":"Nahum","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803.21.34.214","article-title":"Mismatch negativity and stimulus-specific adaptation in animal models.","volume":"21","author":"Nelken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.007","article-title":"Context-dependent encoding in the auditory brainstem subserves enhanced speech-in-noise perception in musicians.","volume":"49","author":"Parbery-Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1284.006","article-title":"Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia.","volume":"999","author":"Peretz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04472.x","article-title":"Novelty detector neurons in the mammalian auditory midbrain.","volume":"22","author":"Perez-Gonzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.05.025","article-title":"Why middle-aged listeners have trouble hearing in everyday settings.","volume":"22","author":"Ruggles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1926","article-title":"Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants.","volume":"274","author":"Saffran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00075-4","article-title":"Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults.","volume":"70","author":"Saffran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00447.x","article-title":"Children's implicit knowledge of harmony in Western music.","volume":"8","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00167","article-title":"Musical expertise and statistical learning of musical and linguistic structures.","volume":"2","author":"Schon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.126.1.0095","article-title":"Musical experience influences statistical learning of a novel language.","volume":"126","author":"Shook","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.11.011","article-title":"Human brainstem plasticity: The interaction of stimulus probability and auditory learning.","volume":"109","author":"Skoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181cdb272","article-title":"Auditory brain stem response to complex sounds: A tutorial.","volume":"31","author":"Skoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13645","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013645","article-title":"Hearing it again and again: On-line subcortical plasticity in humans.","volume":"5","author":"Skoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11507","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1949-12.2012","article-title":"A little goes a long way: How the adult brain is shaped by musical training in childhood.","volume":"32","author":"Skoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.03.009","article-title":"The auditory brainstem is a barometer of rapid auditory learning.","volume":"243","author":"Skoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2557-11.2012","article-title":"Novelty detection in the human auditory brainstem.","volume":"32","author":"Slabu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.07.009","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response.","volume":"122","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr196","article-title":"Training to improve hearing speech in noise: Biological mechanisms.","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.03.015","article-title":"Specialization among the specialized: Auditory brainstem function is tuned in to timbre.","volume":"48","author":"Strait","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.08.004","article-title":"Biological impact of auditory expertise across the life span: Musicians as a model of auditory learning.","volume":"308","author":"Strait","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.11807","article-title":"The corticofugal system for hearing: Recent progress.","volume":"97","author":"Suga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098102400405","article-title":"Age changes in the ability to replicate foreign pronunciation and intonation.","volume":"24","author":"Tahta","year":"1981","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1499","article-title":"Improving language and literacy is a matter of time.","volume":"5","author":"Tallal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.06.003","article-title":"Dynamic auditory processing, musical experience and language development.","volume":"29","author":"Tallal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2010.11.005","article-title":"The contribution of language-specific knowledge in the selection of statistically-coherent word candidates.","volume":"64","author":"Toro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.01.006","article-title":"Speech segmentation by statistical learning depends on attention.","volume":"97","author":"Toro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21131","article-title":"Neural evidence of statistical learning: Efficient detection of visual regularities without awareness.","volume":"21","author":"Turk-Browne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.05.002","article-title":"Learning to encode timing: Mechanisms of plasticity in the auditory brainstem.","volume":"62","author":"Tzounopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.03.026","article-title":"Coactivation of pre- and postsynaptic signaling mechanisms determines cell-specific spike-timing-dependent plasticity.","volume":"54","author":"Tzounopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10440","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1905-04.2004","article-title":"Multiple time scales of adaptation in auditory cortex neurons.","volume":"24","author":"Ulanovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1032","article-title":"Processing of low-probability sounds by cortical neurons.","volume":"6","author":"Ulanovsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2307\/40285439","article-title":"Ascending and descending melodic intervals: Statistical findings and their perceptual relevance.","volume":"6","author":"Vos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1366","article-title":"Specific long-term memory traces in primary auditory cortex.","volume":"5","author":"Weinberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13797","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5610-08.2009","article-title":"Dynamic range adaptation to sound level statistics in the auditory nerve.","volume":"29","author":"Wen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.09.003","article-title":"Modeling the auditory scene: Predictive regularity representations and perceptual objects.","volume":"13","author":"Winkler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1872","article-title":"Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns.","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/255","article-title":"Corticofugal modulation of the midbrain frequency map in the bat auditory system.","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00460-3","article-title":"Stimulus timing-dependent plasticity in cortical processing of orientation.","volume":"32","author":"Yao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15910","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4041-09.2009","article-title":"Adult plasticity in multisensory neurons: Short-term experience-dependent changes in the superior colliculus.","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000465385600_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.6.3083","article-title":"Brief and short-term corticofugal modulation of subcortical auditory responses in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus.","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/124\/1948047\/jocn_a_00691.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/124\/1948047\/jocn_a_00691.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T10:13:37Z","timestamp":1717150417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/1\/124\/28243\/Prior-Experience-Biases-Subcortical-Sensitivity-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00691","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}}}