{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:55:48Z","timestamp":1787018148546,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The hippocampus has been implicated in a diverse set of cognitive domains and paradigms, including cognitive mapping, long-term memory, and relational memory, at long or short study\u2013test intervals. Despite the diversity of these areas, their association with the hippocampus may rely on an underlying commonality of relational memory processing shared among them. Most studies assess hippocampal memory within just one of these domains, making it difficult to know whether these paradigms all assess a similar underlying cognitive construct tied to the hippocampus. Here we directly tested the commonality among disparate tasks linked to the hippocampus by using PCA on performance from a battery of 12 cognitive tasks that included two traditional, long-delay neuropsychological tests of memory and two laboratory tests of relational memory (one of spatial and one of visual object associations) that imposed only short delays between study and test. Also included were different tests of memory, executive function, and processing speed. Structural MRI scans from a subset of participants were used to quantify the volume of the hippocampus and other subcortical regions. Results revealed that the 12 tasks clustered into four components; critically, the two neuropsychological tasks of long-term verbal memory and the two laboratory tests of relational memory loaded onto one component. Moreover, bilateral hippocampal volume was strongly tied to performance on this component. Taken together, these data emphasize the important contribution the hippocampus makes to relational memory processing across a broad range of tasks that span multiple domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T09:12:14Z","timestamp":1418980334000},"page":"234-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Relating Hippocampus to Relational Memory Processing across Domains and Delays"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jim M.","family":"Monti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian E.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick D.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle W.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur F.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal J.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040415315276200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390590949287","article-title":"Correlations between regional brain volumes and memory performance in anoxia.","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093567","article-title":"An analysis of certain psychological tests used in the evaluation of brain injury.","volume":"60","author":"Armitage","year":"1946","journal-title":"Psychological Monographs"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7807","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0962-07.2007","article-title":"Sustained neural activity patterns during working memory in the human medial temporal lobe.","volume":"27","author":"Axmacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.11.009","article-title":"Selling points: What cognitive abilities are tapped by casual video games?","volume":"142","author":"Baniqued","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.005","article-title":"The association between higher order abilities, processing speed, and age are variably mediated by white matter integrity during typical aging.","volume":"51","author":"Borghesani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.018","article-title":"A unified approach for morphometric and functional data analysis in young, old, and demented adults using automated atlas-based head size normalization: Reliability and validation against manual of total intracranial volume.","volume":"23","author":"Buckner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R6","volume-title":"Memory, amnesia and the hippocampal system","author":"Cohen","year":"1993"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2012.00608.x","article-title":"Remembering and voting: Theory and evidence from amnesic patients.","volume":"56","author":"Coronel","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R8","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test: Second Edition","author":"Delis","year":"2000"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00069","article-title":"The hippocampus and the flexible use and processing of language.","volume":"6","author":"Duff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.028","article-title":"Hippocampus: Cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory.","volume":"44","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R11","volume-title":"From conditioning to conscious recollection: Multiple memory systems in the brain","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.032","article-title":"Can we reconcile the declarative memory and spatial navigation views on hippocampal function?","volume":"83","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00035391","article-title":"Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system.","volume":"17","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20547","article-title":"Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans.","volume":"19","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain.","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.006","article-title":"Critical ages in the life course of the adult brain: Nonlinear subcortical aging.","volume":"34","author":"Fjell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.007","article-title":"Declarative memory is critical for sustained advantageous complex decision-making.","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.11.1863","article-title":"Event-related potential signatures of relational memory.","volume":"18","author":"Hannula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3086-07.2008","article-title":"Medial temporal lobe activity predicts successful relational memory binding.","volume":"28","author":"Hannula","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.10.1690","article-title":"Rapid onset relational memory effects are evident in eye movement behavior, but not in hippocampal amnesia.","volume":"19","author":"Hannula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8352","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5222-05.2006","article-title":"The long and the short of it: Relational memory impairments in amnesia, even at short lags.","volume":"26","author":"Hannula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.4.491","article-title":"Neuroanatomical and cognitive mediators of age-related differences in episodic memory.","volume":"22","author":"Head","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2850","article-title":"A model for memory systems based on processing modes rather than consciousness.","volume":"11","author":"Henke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289233","article-title":"The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis.","volume":"3","author":"Kaiser","year":"1958","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.015.2008","article-title":"Hippocampal amnesia impairs all manner of relational memory.","volume":"2","author":"Konkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.07.017","article-title":"Perceptual deficits in amnesia: Challenging the medial temporal lobe \u201cmnemonic\u201d view.","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00091","article-title":"The hippocampus and visual perception.","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R29","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2004","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.012","article-title":"Hippocampal \u201ctime cells\u201d bridge the gap in memory for discontiguous events.","volume":"71","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(68)90021-3","article-title":"Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M.","volume":"6","author":"Milner","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.007","article-title":"Very mild Alzheimer's disease is characterized by increased sensitivity to mnemonic interference.","volume":"59C","author":"Monti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00041","article-title":"History of mild traumatic brain injury is associated with deficits in relational memory, reduced hippocampal volume, and less neural activity later in life.","volume":"5","author":"Monti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R34","volume-title":"The hippocampus as a cognitive map","author":"O'Keefe","year":"1978"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00146","article-title":"The hippocampus supports multiple cognitive processes through relational binding and comparison.","volume":"6","author":"Olsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11880","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2245-09.2009","article-title":"Performance-related sustained and anticipatory activity in human medial temporal lobe during delayed match-to-sample.","volume":"29","author":"Olsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1923-05.2006","article-title":"Working memory for conjunctions relies on the medial temporal lobe.","volume":"26","author":"Olson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt129","article-title":"Binding deficits in memory following medial temporal lobe damage in patients with voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibody-associated limbic encephalitis.","volume":"136","author":"Pertzov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.06.009","article-title":"Doubts about double dissociations between short- and long-term memory.","volume":"9","author":"Ranganath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929054475118","article-title":"Working memory maintenance contributes to long-term memory formation: Neural and behavioral evidence.","volume":"17","author":"Ranganath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00411-1","article-title":"Medial temporal lobe activity associated with active maintenance of novel information.","volume":"31","author":"Ranganath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi044","article-title":"Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: General trends, individual differences and modifiers.","volume":"15","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.3.403","article-title":"The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition.","volume":"103","author":"Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.10.2.272","article-title":"How localized are age-related effects on neuropsychological measures?","volume":"10","author":"Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.001","article-title":"The future of memory: Remembering, imagining, and the brain.","volume":"76","author":"Schacter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.07.014","article-title":"Striatal contributions to declarative memory retrieval.","volume":"75","author":"Scimeca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034461","article-title":"Mechanisms for widespread hippocampal involvement in cognition.","volume":"142","author":"Shohamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(68)90023-7","article-title":"Some additional quantitative observations of immediate memory in a patient with bilateral hippocampal lesions.","volume":"6","author":"Sidman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939285","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/939285","article-title":"Caudate nucleus volume mediates the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive flexibility in older adults.","volume":"2012","author":"Verstynen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Aging Research"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00018","article-title":"When memory leads the brain to take scenes at face value: Face areas are reactivated at test by scenes that were paired with faces at study.","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R52","article-title":"Covert rapid action-memory simulation (CRAMS): A hypothesis of hippocampal-prefrontal interactions for adaptive behavior.","author":"Wang","year":"2014,  19","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.21000","article-title":"Hiding in plain view: Lesions of the medial temporal lobe impair online representation.","volume":"22","author":"Warren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00089","article-title":"Observing degradation of visual representations over short intervals when medial temporal lobe is damaged.","volume":"23","author":"Warren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22115","article-title":"Spatial reconstruction by patients with hippocampal damage is dominated by relational memory errors.","volume":"23","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R56","volume-title":"Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R57","volume-title":"Manual: Wechsler Memory Scale.","author":"Wechsler","year":"1973"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R58","first-page":"a006171","article-title":"The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease.","volume":"2","author":"Weintraub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Habor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(68)90022-5","article-title":"Sparing of short-term memory in an amnesic patient: Implications for strength theory of memory.","volume":"6","author":"Wickelgren","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.006","article-title":"Pattern separation in the hippocampus.","volume":"34","author":"Yassa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040415315276200_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00016","article-title":"Short-term retention of relational memory in amnesia revisited: Accurate performance depends on hippocampal integrity.","volume":"8","author":"Yee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/234\/2006223\/jocn_a_00717.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/234\/2006223\/jocn_a_00717.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T11:34:04Z","timestamp":1649072044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/2\/234\/28292\/Relating-Hippocampus-to-Relational-Memory"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00717","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]}}}