{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:40:40Z","timestamp":1770439240554,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2039,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Learning a new word requires discrimination between a novel sequence of sounds and similar known words. We investigated whether semantic information facilitates the acquisition of new phonological representations in adults and whether this learning enhancement is modulated by overnight consolidation. Participants learned novel spoken words either consistently associated with a visual referent or with no consistent meaning. An auditory oddball task tested discrimination of these newly learned phonological forms from known words. The MMN, an electrophysiological measure of auditory discrimination, was only elicited for words learned with a consistent semantic association. Immediately after training, this semantic benefit on auditory discrimination was linked to explicit learning of the associations, where participants with greater semantic learning exhibited a larger MMN. However, although the semantic-associated words continued to show greater auditory discrimination than nonassociated words after consolidation, the MMN was no longer related to performance in learning the semantic associations. We suggest that the provision of semantic systematicity directly impacts upon the development of new phonological representations and that a period of offline consolidation may promote the abstraction of these representations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T15:14:03Z","timestamp":1412090043000},"page":"775-786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Semantic Advantage for Learning New Phonological Form Representations"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Erin","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Royal Holloway, University of London"}]},{"given":"Duncan E.","family":"Astle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Rastle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Royal Holloway, University of London"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000510897800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.158","article-title":"The phonological loop as a language learning device.","volume":"105","author":"Baddeley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R2","first-page":"697","article-title":"Measurement of mismatch negativity in individuals: A study using single-trial analysis.","volume":"47","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.02.002","article-title":"Interfering neighbours: The impact of novel word learning on the identification of visually similar words.","volume":"97","author":"Bowers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.019","article-title":"Hippocampus activity differentiates good from poor learners of a novel lexicon.","volume":"25","author":"Breitenstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.01.1.p042","article-title":"Confidence intervals in within-subject designs: A simpler solution to Loftus and Masson's method.","volume":"1","author":"Cousineau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21059","article-title":"Learning and consolidation of novel spoken words.","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0111","article-title":"A complementary systems account of word learning: Neural and behavioural evidence.","volume":"364","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199703030-00021","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of categorical phoneme perception in adults.","volume":"8","author":"Dehaene-Lambertz","year":"1997","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics.","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01845.x","article-title":"Sleep-associated changes in the mental representation of spoken words.","volume":"18","author":"Dumay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.12.009","article-title":"Overnight lexical consolidation revealed by speech segmentation.","volume":"123","author":"Dumay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R11","first-page":"339","article-title":"A day in the life of a spoken word.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Dumay","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.015","article-title":"Sleep-dependent consolidation of statistical learning.","volume":"49","author":"Durrant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700094104","article-title":"Human relational memory requires time and sleep.","volume":"104","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.05.002","article-title":"The metamorphosis of the statistical segmentation output: Lexicalization during artificial language learning.","volume":"112","author":"Fernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.11.006","article-title":"Effects of deviant probability on the \u201coptimal\u201d multi-feature mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm.","volume":"79","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/01690968508402073","article-title":"Lexical acquisition and the modular lexicon.","volume":"1","author":"Forster","year":"1985","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00070-2","article-title":"Lexical competition and the acquisition of novel words.","volume":"89","author":"Gaskell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/016909697386646","article-title":"Integrating form and meaning: A distributed model of speech perception.","volume":"12","author":"Gaskell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0285(02)00003-8","article-title":"Representation and competition in the perception of spoken words.","volume":"45","author":"Gaskell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01764.x","article-title":"Naps promote abstraction in language-learning infants.","volume":"17","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.07.004","article-title":"Learning new vocabulary during childhood: Effects of semantic training on lexical consolidation and integration.","volume":"116","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20561","article-title":"Accessing newly learned names and meanings in the native language.","volume":"30","author":"Hult\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2000.2737","article-title":"Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition.","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8036518","article-title":"Dependence on REM sleep of overnight improvement of a perceptual skill.","volume":"265","author":"Karni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1959","article-title":"Daytime sleep condenses the time course of motor memory consolidation.","volume":"10","author":"Korman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2426","article-title":"Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children.","volume":"76","author":"Korpilahti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2007.01.001","article-title":"Lexical configuration and lexical engagement: When adults learn new words.","volume":"55","author":"Leach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R28","first-page":"608","article-title":"Lexical integration of novel words without sleep.","volume":"39","author":"Lindsay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(86)90015-0","article-title":"The TRACE model of speech perception.","volume":"18","author":"McClelland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.3.419","article-title":"Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory.","volume":"102","author":"McClelland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.111.1.172","article-title":"Comparing correlated correlation coefficients.","volume":"111","author":"Meng","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2010.538211","article-title":"The acquisition of morphological knowledge investigated through artificial language learning.","volume":"64","author":"Merkx","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/385432a0","article-title":"Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses.","volume":"385","author":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.04.001","article-title":"The mismatch negativity (MMN): Towards the optimal paradigm.","volume":"115","author":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data.","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0173","article-title":"A model linking immediate serial recall, the Hebb repetition effect and the learning of phonological word forms.","volume":"364","author":"Page","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749208401283","article-title":"Phonological short-term memory and the learning of novel words: The effect of phonological similarity and item length.","volume":"44","author":"Papagno","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290051137567","article-title":"Auditory cortex accesses phonological categories: An MEG mismatch study.","volume":"12","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0864","article-title":"Memory traces for words as revealed by the mismatch negativity.","volume":"14","author":"Pulverm\u00fcller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.04.004","article-title":"Language outside the focus of attention: The mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes.","volume":"79","author":"Pulverm\u00fcller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.08.006","article-title":"Is banara really a word?","volume":"113","author":"Qiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R42","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Implicit word learning benefits from semantic richness: Electrophysiological and behavioural evidence.","volume":"38","author":"Rabovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-012-0209-1","article-title":"Learning new meanings for old words: Effects of semantic relatedness.","volume":"40","author":"Rodd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R45","first-page":"571","article-title":"The effect of orthographic-semantic systematicity on the acquisition of new words.","volume-title":"Attention and performance XV","author":"Rueckl","year":"1994"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R46","first-page":"515","article-title":"When pseudowords acquire meaning: Effect of semantic associations on pseudoword repetition priming.","volume":"19","author":"Rueckl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.4.1.67","article-title":"The neurobiology of adaptive learning in reading: A contrast of different training conditions.","volume":"4","author":"Sandak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioural Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200210070-00025","article-title":"Abstract phoneme representations in left temporal cortex: Magnetic mismatch negativity study.","volume":"13","author":"Shestakova","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01098.2012","article-title":"The strength of attentional biases reduces as visual short-term memory load increases.","volume":"110","author":"Shimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.002","article-title":"Event-related potentials reflecting the frequency of unattended spoken words: A neuronal index of connection strength in lexical memory circuits?","volume":"55","author":"Shtyrov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16864","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1376-10.2010","article-title":"Rapid cortical plasticity underlying novel word learning.","volume":"30","author":"Shtyrov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200203250-00033","article-title":"Neurophysiological evidence of memory traces for words in the human brain.","volume":"13","author":"Shtyrov","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R53","first-page":"542","article-title":"The perception of assimilation in newly learned novel words.","volume":"35","author":"Snoeren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R54","first-page":"727","article-title":"Language abstraction: Consolidation of language structure during sleep. In","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"St. Clair","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.07.001","article-title":"The development of long-term lexical representations through Hebb repetition learning.","volume":"67","author":"Szmalec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.023","article-title":"Richness of information about novel words influences how episodic and semantic memory networks interact during lexicalization.","volume":"84","author":"Takashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.014","article-title":"The role of memory consolidation in generalisation of new linguistic information.","volume":"125","author":"Tamminen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.724694","article-title":"Novel word integration in the mental lexicon: Evidence from unmasked and masked semantic priming.","volume":"66","author":"Tamminen","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14356","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3028-10.2010","article-title":"Sleep spindle activity is associated with the integration of new memories and existing knowledge.","volume":"30","author":"Tamminen","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R60","first-page":"60","article-title":"The influence of consistency, frequency, and semantics on learning to read: An artificial orthography paradigm.","volume":"37","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212988","article-title":"The interaction of meaning and sound in spoken word recognition.","volume":"7","author":"Tyler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Independent component analysis applied in biomedical signal processing.","volume":"4","author":"Ungureanu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Measurement Science Review"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803.21.34.147","article-title":"Interpreting the mismatch negativity.","volume":"21","author":"Winkler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000510897800_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.480918","article-title":"Attentional focus during learning impacts N170 ERP responses to an artificial script.","volume":"35","author":"Yoncheva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/775\/1948916\/jocn_a_00730.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/775\/1948916\/jocn_a_00730.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:10:16Z","timestamp":1627607416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/4\/775\/28324\/Semantic-Advantage-for-Learning-New-Phonological"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00730","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}}}