{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T20:45:29Z","timestamp":1770497129695,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Speech is perhaps the most sophisticated example of a species-wide movement capability in the animal kingdom, requiring split-second sequencing of approximately 100 muscles in the respiratory, laryngeal, and oral movement systems. Despite the unique role speech plays in human interaction and the debilitating impact of its disruption, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying speech motor learning. Here, we studied the behavioral and neural correlates of learning new speech motor sequences. Participants repeatedly produced novel, meaningless syllables comprising illegal consonant clusters (e.g., GVAZF) over 2 days of practice. Following practice, participants produced the sequences with fewer errors and shorter durations, indicative of motor learning. Using fMRI, we compared brain activity during production of the learned illegal sequences and novel illegal sequences. Greater activity was noted during production of novel sequences in brain regions linked to non-speech motor sequence learning, including the BG and pre-SMA. Activity during novel sequence production was also greater in brain regions associated with learning and maintaining speech motor programs, including lateral premotor cortex, frontal operculum, and posterior superior temporal cortex. Measures of learning success correlated positively with activity in left frontal operculum and white matter integrity under left posterior superior temporal sulcus. These findings indicate speech motor sequence learning relies not only on brain areas involved generally in motor sequencing learning but also those associated with feedback-based speech motor learning. Furthermore, learning success is modulated by the integrity of structural connectivity between these motor and sensory brain regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T15:31:18Z","timestamp":1413300678000},"page":"819-831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The Neural Correlates of Speech Motor Sequence Learning"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Segawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Boston University"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Tourville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Boston University"}]},{"given":"Deryk S.","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Boston University"},{"name":"2University of Alberta"}]},{"given":"Frank H.","family":"Guenther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Boston University"},{"name":"3Massachusetts General Hospital"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000505926900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1515\/iral.2005.43.1.53","article-title":"The judgment, perception, and production of consonant clusters in a second language.","volume":"43","author":"Altenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.024","article-title":"From reactive to proactive and selective control: Developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses.","volume":"69","author":"Aron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological 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Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03775.1994","article-title":"Motor sequence learning\u2014A study with positron emission tomography.","volume":"14","author":"Jenkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.04.004","article-title":"Diffusion properties of cortical and pericortical tissue: Regional variations, reliability and methodological issues.","volume":"30","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.06.005","article-title":"Cortical speech processing unplugged: A timely subcortico-cortical framework.","volume":"14","author":"Kotz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive 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J., \n            \n              Beckman, M. E., \n            \n              Krishnamurthy, A. K., & \n            \n              Ahalt, S. C.\n           (1999). Temporal coordination of articulatory gestures in consonant clusters and sequences of consonants. Paper presented at the Proceedings of LP'98, Item Order in Language and Speech."},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/0023-8333.49.s1.4","article-title":"Chronological and stylistic aspects of second language acquisition of consonant clusters.","volume":"49","author":"Major","year":"1999","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200103)12:3<131::AID-HBM1010>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Error-related brain activation during a go\/no-go response inhibition task.","volume":"12","author":"Menon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","article-title":"The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.015","article-title":"Neural recruitment for the production of native and novel speech sounds.","volume":"46","author":"Moser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.5.2671","article-title":"Neuronal activity in medial frontal cortex during learning of sequential procedures.","volume":"80","author":"Nakamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.11.005","article-title":"Investigating speech motor practice and learning in people who stutter.","volume":"33","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.055","article-title":"The multifaceted nature of the relationship between performance and brain activity in motor sequence learning.","volume":"49","author":"Orban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0779","article-title":"An event-related fMRI study of overt and covert word stem completion.","volume":"14","author":"Palmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3289-12.2013","article-title":"Auditory-motor interactions for the production of native and non-native speech.","volume":"33","author":"Parker Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.143","article-title":"Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning.","volume":"119","author":"Paulesu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.029","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of electrocorticographic high gamma activity during overt and covert word repetition.","volume":"54","author":"Pei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.06.005","article-title":"Superior parietal lobule dysfunction in a homogeneous group of dyslexic children with a visual attention span disorder.","volume":"118","author":"Peyrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021073000505926900_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3880-04.2005","article-title":"The neural correlates of motor skill 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