{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:41:33Z","timestamp":1774528893305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neurobiological memory models assume memory traces are stored in neocortex, with pointers in the hippocampus, and are then reactivated during retrieval, yielding the experience of remembering. Whereas most prior neuroimaging studies on reactivation have focused on the reactivation of sets or categories of items, the current study sought to identify cortical patterns pertaining to memory for individual scenes. During encoding, participants viewed pictures of scenes paired with matching labels (e.g., \u201cbarn,\u201d \u201ctunnel\u201d), and, during retrieval, they recalled the scenes in response to the labels and rated the quality of their visual memories. Using representational similarity analyses, we interrogated the similarity between activation patterns during encoding and retrieval both at the item level (individual scenes) and the set level (all scenes). The study yielded four main findings. First, in occipitotemporal cortex, memory success increased with encoding-retrieval similarity (ERS) at the item level but not at the set level, indicating the reactivation of individual scenes. Second, in ventrolateral pFC, memory increased with ERS for both item and set levels, indicating the recapitulation of memory processes that benefit encoding and retrieval of all scenes. Third, in retrosplenial\/posterior cingulate cortex, ERS was sensitive to individual scene information irrespective of memory success, suggesting automatic activation of scene contexts. Finally, consistent with neurobiological models, hippocampal activity during encoding predicted the subsequent reactivation of individual items. These findings show the promise of studying memory with greater specificity by isolating individual mnemonic representations and determining their relationship to factors like the detail with which past events are remembered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T15:31:18Z","timestamp":1413300678000},"page":"679-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Reinstatement of Individual Past Events Revealed by the Similarity of Distributed Activation Patterns during Encoding and Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Erik A.","family":"Wing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Duke University"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Ritchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, Davis"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cabeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Duke University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000513509000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7041","article-title":"Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: A simple network model.","volume":"91","author":"Alvarez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20156","article-title":"The cortical underpinnings of context-based memory distortion.","volume":"20","author":"Aminoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.5.1073","article-title":"Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man. A PET study.","volume":"117","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015","article-title":"Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory.","volume":"45","author":"Badre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1476","article-title":"Visual objects in context.","volume":"5","author":"Bar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.05.005","article-title":"The proactive brain: Using analogies and associations to generate predictions.","volume":"11","author":"Bar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00167-3","article-title":"Cortical analysis of visual context.","volume":"38","author":"Bar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0987-08.2008","article-title":"Scenes unseen: The parahippocampal cortex intrinsically subserves contextual associations, not scenes or places per se.","volume":"28","author":"Bar","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1068\/p250343","article-title":"Spatial context in recognition.","volume":"25","author":"Bar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90007-X","article-title":"Scene perception: Detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations.","volume":"14","author":"Biederman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00253","article-title":"The neural basis of vivid memory is patterned on perception.","volume":"24","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr106","article-title":"Imagery and perception share cortical representations of content and location.","volume":"22","author":"Cichy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017937","article-title":"The ghosts of brain states past: Remembering reactivates the brain regions engaged during encoding.","volume":"136","author":"Danker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.037","article-title":"What do differences between multi-voxel and univariate analysis mean? How subject-, voxel-, and trial-level variance impact fMRI analysis.","volume":"97","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.028","article-title":"Hippocampus: Cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory.","volume":"44","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00035391","article-title":"Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system.","volume":"17","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00117-X","article-title":"Viewpoint-specific scene representations in human parahippocampal cortex.","volume":"37","author":"Epstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/33402","article-title":"A cortical representation of the local visual environment.","volume":"392","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.004","article-title":"Parahippocampal and retrosplenial contributions to human spatial navigation.","volume":"12","author":"Epstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R20","article-title":"Cortical reinstatement mediates the relationship between content-specific encoding activity and subsequent recollection decisions.","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.7.705","article-title":"An anatomical landmark for the supplementary eye fields in human revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"9","author":"Grosbras","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00166","article-title":"Worth a glance: Using eye movements to investigate the cognitive neuroscience of memory.","volume":"4","author":"Hannula","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193500","article-title":"Memory for scenes: Refixations reflect retrieval.","volume":"35","author":"Holm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.014","article-title":"A continuous semantic space describes the representation of thousands of object and action categories across the human brain.","volume":"76","author":"Huth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.011","article-title":"Recollection, familiarity, and cortical reinstatement: A multivoxel pattern analysis.","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00059","article-title":"Decoding individual natural scene representations during perception and imagery.","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.05.017","article-title":"A brief thought can modulate activity in extrastriate visual areas: Top\u2013down effects of refreshing just-seen visual stimuli.","volume":"37","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1872","article-title":"How negative emotion enhances the visual specificity of a memory.","volume":"19","author":"Kensinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.024","article-title":"Remembering the specific visual details of presented objects: Neuroimaging evidence for effects of emotion.","volume":"45","author":"Kensinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.045","article-title":"Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: A meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies.","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600244103","article-title":"Information-based functional brain mapping.","volume":"103","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis\u2014Connecting the branches of systems neuroscience.","volume":"2","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016939108","article-title":"Fidelity of neural reactivation reveals competition between memories.","volume":"108","author":"Kuhl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013760108","article-title":"Early onset of neural synchronization in the contextual associations network.","volume":"108","author":"Kveraga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2602_3","article-title":"Eye scanpaths during visual imagery reenact those of perception of the same visual scene.","volume":"26","author":"Laeng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.04.020","article-title":"Decoding the representation of multiple simultaneous objects in human occipitotemporal cortex.","volume":"19","author":"MacEvoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2903","article-title":"Constructing scenes from objects in human occipitotemporal cortex.","volume":"14","author":"MacEvoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(77)80016-9","article-title":"Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing.","volume":"16","author":"Morris","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.4.611","article-title":"Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: A complementary-learning-systems approach.","volume":"110","author":"Norman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290051137549","article-title":"Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions.","volume":"12","author":"O'Craven","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197524","article-title":"The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects.","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.058","article-title":"Different roles of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in panoramic scene perception.","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2277","article-title":"Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain.","volume":"8","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15728","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1953-12.2012","article-title":"Conceptual object representations in human anterior temporal cortex.","volume":"32","author":"Peelen","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.021","article-title":"Encoding and retrieving faces and places: Distinguishing process- and stimulus-specific differences in brain activity.","volume":"47","author":"Prince","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3338","article-title":"Two cortical systems for memory-guided behaviour.","volume":"13","author":"Ranganath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.035","article-title":"Measuring functional connectivity during distinct stages of a cognitive task.","volume":"23","author":"Rissman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs258","article-title":"Neural similarity between encoding and retrieval is related to memory via hippocampal interactions.","volume":"23","author":"Ritchey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)00021-0","article-title":"Encoding-retrieval overlap in human episodic memory: A functional neuroimaging perspective.","volume":"169","author":"Rugg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.1.179","article-title":"Evidence for a supplementary eye field.","volume":"57","author":"Schlag","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R50","first-page":"135","article-title":"Neurophysiology of eye movements.","volume-title":"Advances in neurology","author":"Schlag","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.028","article-title":"Event-related fMRI studies of episodic encoding and retrieval: Meta-analyses using activation likelihood estimation.","volume":"47","author":"Spaniol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.06.034","article-title":"Natural scene statistics account for the representation of scene categories in human visual cortex.","volume":"79","author":"Stansbury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18150","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4156-12.2012","article-title":"Episodic reinstatement in the medial temporal lobe.","volume":"32","author":"Staresina","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020071","article-title":"Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.","volume":"80","author":"Tulving","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021073000513509000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.027","article-title":"Dissociation of the neural correlates of recognition memory according to familiarity, recollection, and amount of recollected information.","volume":"45","author":"Vilberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/679\/1949017\/jocn_a_00740.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/679\/1949017\/jocn_a_00740.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:10:54Z","timestamp":1627607454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/4\/679\/28333\/Reinstatement-of-Individual-Past-Events-Revealed"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}}}