{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T20:51:39Z","timestamp":1762375899813,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the major topics in attention literature is the attentional blink (AB), which demonstrates a limited ability to identify the second of two targets (T1 and T2) when presented in close temporal succession (200\u2013500 msec). Given that the effect has been thought of as robust and resistant to training for over two decades, one of the most remarkable findings in recent years is that the AB can be eliminated after a 1-hr training with a color-salient T2. However, the underlying mechanism of the training effect as well as the AB itself is as of yet still poorly understood. To elucidate this training effect, we employed a refined version of our recently developed pupil dilation deconvolution method to track any training-induced changes in the amount and onset of attentional processing in response to target stimuli. Behaviorally, we replicated the original training effect with a color-salient T2. However, we showed that training without a salient target, but with a consistent short target interval, is already sufficient to attenuate the AB. Pupil deconvolution did not reveal any posttraining changes in T2-related dilation but instead an earlier onset of dilation around T1. Moreover, normalized pupil dilation was enhanced posttraining compared with pretraining. We conclude that the AB can be eliminated by training without a salient cue. Furthermore, our data point to the existence of temporal expectations at the time points of the trained targets posttraining. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that temporal expectations arise as a result of training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T16:01:27Z","timestamp":1417449687000},"page":"1161-1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Training-induced Changes in the Dynamics of Attention as Reflected in Pupil Dilation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Willems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Atser","family":"Damsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Wierda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Taatgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073001021096500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus\u2013norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/30875","article-title":"Vision and attention: The role of training","volume":"393","author":"Braun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203972109","article-title":"Resetting capacity limitations revealed by long-lasting elimination of attentional blink through training","volume":"109","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R5","first-page":"109","article-title":"A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation","volume":"21","author":"Chun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-011-0403-y","article-title":"How reliable is the attentional blink? Examining the relationships within and between attentional blink tasks over time","volume":"77","author":"Dale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/09548980601004024","article-title":"Phasic norepinephrine: A neural interrupt signal for unexpected events","volume":"17","author":"Dayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Network: Computation in Neural Systems"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R8","first-page":"338","article-title":"Reevaluating encoding-capacity limitations as a cause of the attentional blink","volume":"35","author":"Dell'Acqua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.15.4.809","article-title":"An attentional blink for sequentially presented targets: Evidence in favor of resource depletion accounts","volume":"15","author":"Dux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.8.1683","article-title":"The attentional blink: A review of data and theory","volume":"71","author":"Dux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204445","article-title":"Pupillary dilation as a measure of attention: A quantitative system analysis","volume":"25","author":"Hoeks","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"article-title":"lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package)","year":"2013","author":"Kuznetsova","key":"2021073001021096500_R12"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611427305","article-title":"Pupillometry: A window to the preconscious?","volume":"7","author":"Laeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0338-4","article-title":"A conceptual and methodological framework for measuring and modulating the attentional blink","volume":"74","author":"MacLean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210954","article-title":"Transient suppression of processing during rapid serial visual presentation: Acquired distinctiveness of probes modulates the attentional blink","volume":"1","author":"Maki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195312","article-title":"Timing attention: Cuing target onset interval attenuates the attentional blink","volume":"33","author":"Martens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.12.005","article-title":"The attentional blink: Past, present, and future of a blind spot in perceptual awareness","volume":"34","author":"Martens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R18","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Delayed attentional engagement in the attentional blink","volume":"31","author":"Nieuwenstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01730.x","article-title":"Temporal limits of selection and memory encoding: A comparison of whole versus partial report in rapid serial visual presentation","volume":"17","author":"Nieuwenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01526.x","article-title":"The beneficial effect of concurrent task-irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention","volume":"16","author":"Olivers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R21","first-page":"364","article-title":"The beneficial effects of additional task load, positive affect, and instruction on the attentional blink","volume":"32","author":"Olivers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-005-0029-z","article-title":"Spreading the sparing: Against a limited-capacity account of the attentional blink","volume":"71","author":"Olivers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"article-title":"nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models","year":"2012","author":"Pinheiro","key":"2021073001021096500_R23"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R24","first-page":"68060T-1","article-title":"The pupil dilation response to visual detection","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging","author":"Privitera","year":"2008"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2012","author":"R Development Core team","key":"2021073001021096500_R25"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R26","first-page":"849","article-title":"Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?","volume":"18","author":"Raymond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R28","first-page":"357","article-title":"Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000195670.37892.1a","article-title":"Resource sharing in the attentional blink","volume":"17","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2008.12.002","article-title":"Too much control can hurt: A threaded cognition model of the attentional blink","volume":"59","author":"Taatgen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0491-3","article-title":"Training and the attentional blink: Limits overcome or expectations raised?","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015024","article-title":"Distracting the mind improves performance: An ERP study","volume":"5","author":"Wierda","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8456","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201858109","article-title":"Pupil dilation deconvolution reveals the dynamics of attention at high temporal resolution","volume":"109","author":"Wierda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001021096500_R34","first-page":"787","article-title":"The attentional blink provides episodic distinctiveness: Sparing at a cost","volume":"35","author":"Wyble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1161\/1949306\/jocn_a_00767.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1161\/1949306\/jocn_a_00767.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T22:04:59Z","timestamp":1747173899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/6\/1161\/28309\/Training-induced-Changes-in-the-Dynamics-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0898-929X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-8898"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}}}