{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1770911483784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The role of motor experience in the processing of perceived actions is hotly debated on both behavioral (e.g., action understanding) and neural (e.g., activation of the motor system) levels of interpretation. Whereas some researchers focus on the role of motor experience in the understanding of and motor activity associated with perceived actions, others emphasize the role of visual experience with the perceived actions. The question of whether prior firsthand motor experience is critical to motor system activation during perception of actions performed by others is best addressed through studies with infants who have a limited repertoire of motor actions. In this way, infants can receive motor or visual training with novel actions that are not mere recombinations of previously acquired actions. In this study, 10-month-old infants received active training with a motorically unfamiliar action that resulted in a distinct sound effect. They received observational experience with a second, similarly unfamiliar action. Following training, we assessed infants' neural motor activity via EEG while they listened to the sounds associated with the actions relative to a novel sound. We found a greater decrease in mu power to sounds associated with the motorically learned action than to those associated with the observed action that the infants had never produced. This effect was directly related to individual differences in the degree of motor learning via motor training. These findings indicate a unique effect of active experience on neural correlates of action perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]],"date-time":"2014-12-16T15:16:02Z","timestamp":1418742962000},"page":"1207-1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Short-term Motor Training, but Not Observational Training, Alters Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Action Processing in Infancy"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Gerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Bekkering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hunnius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073001013355400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2182","article-title":"Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players","volume":"11","author":"Aglioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr139","article-title":"Understanding otherness: The neural bases of action comprehension and pain empathy in a congenital amputee","volume":"22","author":"Aziz-Zadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.044","article-title":"Shared networks for auditory and motor processing in professional pianists: Evidence from fMRI conjunction","volume":"30","author":"Bangert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R4","first-page":"5","article-title":"The role of the mirror neuron system in motor learning","volume":"38","author":"Buccino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.065","article-title":"Seeing or doing? Influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation","volume":"16","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.10.071","article-title":"Nonvisual motor training influences biological motion perception","volume":"16","author":"Casile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.033","article-title":"Building a motor simulation de novo: Observation of dance by dancers","volume":"31","author":"Cross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn083","article-title":"Sensitivity of the action observation network to physical and observational learning","volume":"19","author":"Cross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21361","article-title":"Robotic movement preferentially engages the action observation network","volume":"33","author":"Cross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2013.12.001","article-title":"The infant EEG mu rhythm: Methodological considerations and best practices","volume":"34","author":"Cuevas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Baby steps: Investigating the development of perceptual-motor couplings in infancy","author":"de Klerk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R13","first-page":"229","article-title":"Effect anticipation and action control","volume":"27","author":"Elsner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12056","article-title":"Sharing and comparing: How comparing shared goals broadens goal understanding in development","volume":"8","author":"Gerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12115","article-title":"Learning from their own actions: The unique effect of producing actions on infants' action understanding","volume":"85","author":"Gerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2013.12.013","article-title":"The joint role of trained, untrained, and observed actions at the origins of goal recognition","volume":"37","author":"Gerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0490","article-title":"Review article: What are you doing? How active and observational experience shape infants' action understanding","volume":"369","author":"Hunnius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.010","article-title":"Activation of the human primary motor cortex during observation of tool use","volume":"23","author":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4inen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.053","article-title":"Neural correlates related to action observation in expert archers","volume":"223","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070311","article-title":"Hearing sounds, understanding actions: Action representation in mirror neurons","volume":"297","author":"Kohler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R21","article-title":"Cortical activation to action perception is associated with action production abilities in young infants","author":"Lloyd-Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00163-3","article-title":"Development of the EEG from 5 months to 4 years of age","volume":"113","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2010.09.001","article-title":"Neural mirroring systems: Exploring the EEG mu rhythm in human infancy","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0620","article-title":"Neural mirroring mechanisms and imitation in human infants","volume":"369","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss065","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying social learning in infancy: Infants' neural processing of the effects of others' actions","volume":"8","author":"Paulus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.05.006","article-title":"How learning to shake a rattle affects 8-month-old infants' perception of the rattle's sound: Electrophysiological evidence for action-effect binding in infancy","volume":"2","author":"Paulus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2003.12001.x","article-title":"Induced oscillations in the alpha band: Functional meaning","volume":"44","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/713752551","article-title":"Perception and action planning","volume":"9","author":"Prinz","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.028","article-title":"Experience with novel actions modulates frontal alpha EEG desynchronization","volume":"499","author":"Quandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012296","article-title":"Experience matters: The impact of doing versus watching on infants' subsequent perception of tool-use events","volume":"44","author":"Sommerville","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2004.07.004","article-title":"Action experience alters 3-month-old infants' perception of others' actions","volume":"96","author":"Sommerville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.04.008","article-title":"Does infant behaviour provide support for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding?","volume":"22","author":"Southgate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612459766","article-title":"Motor activation during the prediction of nonexecutable actions in infants","volume":"24","author":"Southgate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.057","article-title":"You'll never crawl alone: Neurophysiological evidence for experience-dependent motor resonance in infancy","volume":"43","author":"van Elk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.10.006","article-title":"The mirror mechanism and mu rhythm in social development","volume":"540","author":"Vanderwert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021073001013355400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0181","article-title":"Review article: Mirroring and the development of action understanding","volume":"369","author":"Woodward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1207\/1949223\/jocn_a_00774.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1207\/1949223\/jocn_a_00774.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:37:15Z","timestamp":1627609035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/6\/1207\/28314\/Short-term-Motor-Training-but-Not-Observational"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}}}