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We developed a new fMRI localization method for directly distinguishing, on echo-planar images, the SN BOLD signal from that of neighboring structures, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Using this method, we tested the hypothesis that the SN supports the proactive control of response selection. We acquired high-resolution EPI volumes at 3 T from 16 healthy participants while they completed the Preparing to Overcome Prepotency task of proactive control. There was significantly elevated delay period signal selectively during high- compared with low-control trials in the SN. The STN did not show delay period activity in either condition. SN delay period signal was significantly inversely associated with task performance RTs across participants. These results suggest that our method offers a novel means for measuring SN BOLD responses, provides unique evidence of SN involvement in cognitive control in humans, and suggests a novel mechanism for proactive response selection. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]],"date-time":"2014-12-16T15:16:02Z","timestamp":1418742962000},"page":"1238-1248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Delay Period Activity of the Substantia Nigra during Proactive Control of Response Selection as Determined by a Novel fMRI Localization Method"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jong H.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Grandelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron S.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Minzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.024"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.02.001"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324618.88710.30"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110606"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2402638"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.03.006"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.4.4.564"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1252"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.06.021"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs420"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-008-0136-x"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116727109"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150605"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.1.155"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1953"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Dormont, D., Ricciardi, K. 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