{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T03:24:24Z","timestamp":1772681064454,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive theories on reading propose that the characteristics of written stimuli determine how they are processed in the brain. However, whether the brain distinguishes between regular words, irregular words, and pseudowords already at an early stage of the reading process is still subject to debate. Here we used chronometric TMS to address this issue. During the first 140 msec of regular word, irregular word, and pseudoword reading, TMS was used to disrupt the function of the ventral occipitotemporal, posterior middle temporal, and supramarginal gyri, which are key areas involved in orthographic, semantic, and phonological processing, respectively. Early TMS stimulation delivered on posterior middle temporal and supramarginal gyri affected regular and irregular word, but not pseudoword, reading. In contrast, ventral occipitotemporal disruption affected both word and pseudoword reading. We thus found evidence for an early distinction between word and pseudoword processing in the semantic and phonological systems, but not in the orthographic system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1421762558000},"page":"1259-1274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["How Early Does the Brain Distinguish between Regular Words, Irregular Words, and Pseudowords during the Reading Process? Evidence from Neurochronometric TMS"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chotiga","family":"Pattamadilok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Aix-en-Provence, France"}]},{"given":"Luis Carlo","family":"Bulnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Vrije Universiteit Brussel"}]},{"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University College London"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bourguignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9gine","family":"Kolinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles"},{"name":"5Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS, Bruxelles, Belgium"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073001012692400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs390","article-title":"Bilateral hemispheric processing of words and faces: Evidence from word impairments in prosopagnosia and face impairments in pure alexia","volume":"24","author":"Behrmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.03.007","article-title":"Distributed circuits, not circumscribed centers, mediate visual recognition","volume":"17","author":"Behrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl071","article-title":"Differential sensitivity to words and shapes in ventral occipito-temporal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Ben-Shachar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563373","article-title":"ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution","volume":"11","author":"Bentin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593108","article-title":"Neural correlates of lexical access during visual word recognition","volume":"15","author":"Binder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20124","article-title":"Cross-cultural effect on the brain revisited: Universal structures plus writing system variation","volume":"25","author":"Bolger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(03)00019-8","article-title":"Modality-specific and -independent developmental differences in the neural substrate for lexical processing","volume":"16","author":"Booth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904402107","article-title":"Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter\u2013speech sound correspondences","volume":"107","author":"Brem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.023","article-title":"Evidence for developmental changes in the visual word processing network beyond adolescence","volume":"29","author":"Brem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.10.1901","article-title":"Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: A search for Wernicke's Wortschatz?","volume":"122","author":"Brunswick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073001012692400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf094","article-title":"Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? 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