{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:28:07Z","timestamp":1773080887444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Auditory cortex is the first cortical region of the human brain to process sounds. However, it has recently been shown that its neurons also fire in the absence of direct sensory input, during memory maintenance and imagery. This has commonly been taken to reflect neural coding of the same acoustic information as during the perception of sound. However, the results of the current study suggest that the type of information encoded in auditory cortex is highly flexible. During perception and memory maintenance, neural activity patterns are stimulus specific, reflecting individual sound properties. Auditory imagery of the same sounds evokes similar overall activity in auditory cortex as perception. However, during imagery abstracted, categorical information is encoded in the neural patterns, particularly when individuals are experiencing more vivid imagery. This highlights the necessity to move beyond traditional \u201cbrain mapping\u201d inference in human neuroimaging, which assumes common regional activation implies similar mental representations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1421762558000},"page":"1322-1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Flexible Information Coding in Human Auditory Cortex during Perception, Imagery, and STM of Complex Sounds"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Annika C.","family":"Linke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"2Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Rhodri","family":"Cusack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"2Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073001024271900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.05.065","article-title":"Shared representations for working memory and mental imagery in early visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"Albers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/359636a0","article-title":"Dissociation between mental imagery and object recognition in a brain-damaged patient","volume":"359","author":"Behrmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The Psychophysics Toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R4","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox","volume":"16","author":"Brett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.013","article-title":"Scanning silence: Mental imagery of complex sounds","volume":"26","author":"Bunzeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","article-title":"The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(91)90090-U","article-title":"Two systems for colour-naming defects: Verbal disconnection vs colour imagery disorder","volume":"29","author":"De Vreese","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2226-2","article-title":"Fundamental differences in change detection between vision and audition","volume":"203","author":"Demany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80715-1","article-title":"Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations","volume":"22","author":"Dierks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(84)90026-X","article-title":"The neurological basis of mental imagery: A componential analysis","volume":"18","author":"Farah","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00224-6","volume":"19","author":"Gaab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.7.697","article-title":"When that tune runs through your head: A PET investigation of auditory imagery for familiar melodies","volume":"9","author":"Halpern","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07832","article-title":"Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas","volume":"458","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063736","article-title":"Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex","volume":"293","author":"Haxby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00216","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of perception, imagery, and memory for familiar tunes","volume":"24","author":"Herholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018436","article-title":"Auditory imagery: Empirical findings","volume":"136","author":"Hubbard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.11.045","article-title":"Maintenance of real objects and their verbal designations in working memory","volume":"469","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00025-1","article-title":"Mental imagery: Against the nihilistic hypothesis","volume":"7","author":"Kosslyn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/35090055","article-title":"Neural foundations of imagery","volume":"2","author":"Kosslyn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/434158a","article-title":"Sound of silence activates auditory cortex","volume":"434","author":"Kraemer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600244103","article-title":"Information-based functional brain mapping","volume":"103","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.025","article-title":"Evolution of non-speech sound memory in postlingual deafness: Implications for cochlear implant rehabilitation","volume":"49","author":"Lazard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3452","article-title":"Goal-dependent dissociation of visual and prefrontal cortices during working memory","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102118108","article-title":"Stimulus-specific suppression preserves information in auditory short-term memory","volume":"108","author":"Linke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2533","article-title":"Predicting visual stimuli on the basis of activity in auditory cortices","volume":"13","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.08.014","article-title":"Processing of complex sounds in the auditory system","volume":"18","author":"Nelken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00280","article-title":"Auditory imagery modulates frequency-specific areas in the human auditory cortex","volume":"25","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1603","article-title":"Working memory in primate sensory systems","volume":"6","author":"Pasternak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3758\/PP.70.4.619","article-title":"Change perception in complex auditory scenes","volume":"70","author":"Pavani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.015","article-title":"Evaluating an acoustically quiet EPI sequence for use in fMRI studies of speech and auditory processing","volume":"52","author":"Peelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/86.4.595","article-title":"The brain's record of auditory and visual experience. A final summary and discussion","volume":"86","author":"Penfield","year":"1963","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00003-2","article-title":"Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain?","volume":"7","author":"Pylyshyn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi009","article-title":"The neural mechanisms of speech comprehension: fMRI studies of semantic ambiguity","volume":"15","author":"Rodd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-008-0132-4","article-title":"Silent echo-planar imaging for auditory fMRI","volume":"21","author":"Schmitter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magma"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.001","article-title":"Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory","volume":"18","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901564108","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of the human auditory cortex revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"13","author":"Wessinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200110080-00013","article-title":"Human brain mapping of auditory imagery: Event-related functional MRI study","volume":"12","author":"Yoo","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)90029-9","article-title":"Recognition impairments and face imagery","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90086-F","article-title":"Effect of unilateral temporal-lobe excision on perception and imagery of songs","volume":"31","author":"Zatorre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.013","article-title":"Mental concerts: Musical imagery and auditory cortex","volume":"47","author":"Zatorre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073001024271900_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12140","article-title":"Brain networks underlying mental imagery of auditory and visual information","volume":"37","author":"Zvyagintsev","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/7\/1322\/1949398\/jocn_a_00780.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/7\/1322\/1949398\/jocn_a_00780.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:41:16Z","timestamp":1627609276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/7\/1322\/28360\/Flexible-Information-Coding-in-Human-Auditory"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00780","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}}}