{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:10:30Z","timestamp":1775873430785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to prominent theories of aging, the brain may reorganize to compensate for neural deterioration and prevent or offset cognitive decline. A frequent and striking finding in functional imaging studies is that older adults recruit additional regions relative to young adults performing the same task. This is often interpreted as evidence for functional reorganization, suggesting that, as people age, different regions or networks may support the same cognitive functions. Associations between additional recruitment and better performance in older adults have led to the suggestion that the additional recruitment may contribute to preserved cognitive function in old age and may explain some of the variation among individuals in preservation of function. However, many alternative explanations are possible, and recent findings and methodological developments have highlighted the need for more systematic approaches to determine whether reorganization occurs with age and whether it benefits performance. We reevaluate current evidence for compensatory functional reorganization in the light of recent moves to address these challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1421762558000},"page":"1275-1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Neural Reorganization and Compensation in Aging"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alexa M.","family":"Morcom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073001012622100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01157.x","article-title":"Compensation and recoding: A framework for aging and memory research","volume":"26","author":"B\u00e4ckman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.2.259","article-title":"Psychological compensation: A theoretical framework","volume":"112","author":"B\u00e4ckman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.08.012","article-title":"Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: Emerging concepts in cognitive reserve","volume":"17","author":"Barulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.031","article-title":"I. Longitudinal changes in aging brain function","volume":"29","author":"Beason-Held","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3319-x","article-title":"Reassessing the HAROLD model: Is the hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults a special case of compensatory-related utilisation of neural circuits?","volume":"224","author":"Berlingeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R6","volume-title":"Latent curve models: A structural equation approach. Wiley series on probability and mathematical statistics","author":"Bollen","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.005","article-title":"Structure\u2013function interactions of correct retrieval in healthy elderly women","volume":"30","author":"Brassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.006","article-title":"Memory and executive function in aging and AD: Multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate","volume":"44","author":"Buckner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.1.85","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1280","article-title":"Aging gracefully: Compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00391.1997","article-title":"Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199711100-00013","article-title":"Age-related differences in effective neural connectivity during encoding and recall","volume":"8","author":"Cabeza","year":"1997","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.009","article-title":"Age differences in prefontal recruitment during verbal working memory maintenance depend on memory load","volume":"46","author":"Cappell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R14","first-page":"325","article-title":"Age-related changes in hemispheric organization","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging","author":"Daselaar","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm155","article-title":"Que PASA? The posterior-anterior shift in aging","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr123","article-title":"The architecture of cross-hemispheric communication in the aging brain: Linking behavior to functional and structural connectivity","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq294","article-title":"The effects of age, memory performance, and callosal integrity on the neural correlates of successful associative encoding","volume":"21","author":"de Chastelaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp033","article-title":"Age-associated cognitive decline","volume":"92","author":"Deary","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.1.130","article-title":"The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947","volume":"86","author":"Deary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.003","article-title":"Effects of aging on true and false memory formation: An fMRI study","volume":"45","author":"Dennis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000192501.03069.bc","article-title":"Definitions and predictors of successful aging: A comprehensive review of larger quantitative studies","volume":"14","author":"Depp","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm243","article-title":"The effects of aging on the neural correlates of subjective and objective recollection","volume":"18","author":"Duarte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr056","article-title":"The effects of aging on material-independent and material-dependent neural correlates of source memory retrieval","volume":"22","author":"Dulas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn122","article-title":"The relationship between aging, performance, and the neural correlates of successful memory encoding","volume":"19","author":"Duverne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20834","article-title":"Functional phenotyping of successful aging in long-term memory: Preserved performance in the absence of neural compensation","volume":"21","author":"Duzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R26","first-page":"115","volume":"70","author":"Eyler","year":"2011","journal-title":"A review of functional brain imaging correlates of successful cognitive aging"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R27","volume-title":"Applied longitudinal analysis","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01013-2","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory","volume":"20","author":"Fletcher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.13.4.531","article-title":"Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging","volume":"13","author":"Freund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22175","article-title":"Reduced specificity of functional connectivity in the aging brain during task performance","volume":"35","author":"Geerligs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.009","article-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of aging","volume":"1124","author":"Grady","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3256","article-title":"Brain ageing: The cognitive neuroscience of ageing","volume":"13","author":"Grady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(00)00059-4","article-title":"Functional brain imaging and age-related changes in cognition","volume":"54","author":"Grady","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01450.1994","article-title":"Age-related changes in cortical blood flow activation durihng visual processing of faces and location","volume":"14","author":"Grady","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7618082","article-title":"Age-related reductions in human recognition memory due to impaired encoding","volume":"269","author":"Grady","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.8.805","article-title":"The effects of age on the neural correlates of episodic encoding","volume":"9","author":"Grady","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.21.6.657","article-title":"Functional plasticity in cognitive aging: Review and hypothesis","volume":"21","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033361","article-title":"Laterality in functional brain imaging studies of schizophrenia","volume":"25","author":"Gur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929052880048","article-title":"Aging and the neural correlates of successful picture encoding: Frontal activations compensate for decreased medial-temporal activity","volume":"17","author":"Gutchess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.12.005","article-title":"Forward inference using functional neuroimaging: Dissociations versus associations","volume":"10","author":"Henson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000052825","article-title":"Understanding ageing\u2014An evaluation of research designs for assessing the interdependence of ageing-related changes","volume":"47","author":"Hofer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.022","article-title":"Both left and right posterior parietal activations contribute to compensatory processes in normal aging","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.034","article-title":"Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging: A tutorial and review","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00026","article-title":"Face processing changes in normal aging revealed by fMRI adaptation","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01769-1","article-title":"Aging cognition: From neuromodulation to representation","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.10.006","article-title":"Cognitive aging: Is there a dark side to environmental support?","volume":"18","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R45","volume-title":"Genes and environment in personality development","author":"Loehlin","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00612-8","article-title":"Under-recruitment and nonselective recruitment: Dissociable neural mechanisms associated with aging","volume":"33","author":"Logan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020080","article-title":"A theoretical framework for the study of adult cognitive plasticity","volume":"136","author":"Lovden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181a24fb9","article-title":"Reverse causation in the association between C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels and cognitive abilities in an aging sample","volume":"71","author":"Luciano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1997)5:6<389::AID-HBM1>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Selective and divided visual attention: Age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow measured by","volume":"5","author":"Madden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maillet, D., & Rajah, M. N. (2014). Age-related differences in brain activity in the subsequent memory paradigm: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 45c, 246\u2013257.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.06.006"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R51","first-page":"153","article-title":"Successful physiological aging and episodic memory: A brain stimulation study","volume-title":"Behavioral Brain Research","author":"Manenti","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2307\/1130295","article-title":"Latent growth-curves within developmental structural equation models","volume":"58","author":"McArdle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294746","article-title":"Latent curve analysis","volume":"55","author":"Meredith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.062","article-title":"Age-related changes in modular organization of human brain functional networks","volume":"44","author":"Meunier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.003","article-title":"Age-related functional reorganization, structural changes, and preserved cognition","volume":"35","author":"Meunier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0568","article-title":"Characterizing the hemodynamic response: Effects of presentation rate, sampling procedure, and the possibility of ordering brain activity based on relative timing","volume":"11","author":"Miezin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706818105","article-title":"Age-related memory impairment associated with loss of parietal deactivation but preserved hippocampal activation","volume":"105","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.071","article-title":"Decoding episodic memory in ageing: A Bayesian analysis of activity patterns predicting memory","volume":"59","author":"Morcom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg020","article-title":"Age effects on the neural correlates of successful memory encoding","volume":"126","author":"Morcom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl155","article-title":"Age effects on the neural correlates of episodic retrieval: Increased cortical recruitment with matched performance","volume":"17","author":"Morcom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00521","article-title":"Age-related and genetic modulation of frontal cortex efficiency","volume":"26","author":"Nyberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R63","first-page":"121","article-title":"Memory changes and the aging brain: A multimodal imaging approach","volume-title":"Handbook of the psychology of aging","author":"Nyberg","year":"2010","edition":"7th ed."},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.04.005","article-title":"Memory aging and brain maintenance","volume":"16","author":"Nyberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012651108","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence for diminished frontal cortex function in aging","volume":"107","author":"Nyberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612469034","article-title":"The dynamic aging mind: Revelations from functional neuroimaging research","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2001.3.3\/dcpark","article-title":"Cerebral aging: Integration of brain and behavioral models of cognitive function","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405148101","article-title":"Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656","article-title":"The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj036","article-title":"Structure\u2013function correlates of cognitive decline in aging","volume":"16","author":"Persson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr306","article-title":"Longitudinal structure\u2013function correlates in elderly reveal MTL dysfunction with cognitive decline","volume":"22","author":"Persson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8668","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2900-12.2013","article-title":"Brain characteristics of individuals resisting age-related cognitive decline over two decades","volume":"33","author":"Pudas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh608","article-title":"Region-specific changes in prefrontal function with age: A review of PET and fMRI studies on working and episodic memory","volume":"128","author":"Rajah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181e040bb","article-title":"Older adults' perspectives on successful aging: Qualitative interviews","volume":"18","author":"Reichstadt","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01957-5","article-title":"New visions of the aging mind and brain","volume":"6","author":"Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561814","article-title":"Age differences in the frontal lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory revealed by PET","volume":"12","author":"Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.016","article-title":"Brain aging: Reorganizing discoveries about the aging mind","volume":"15","author":"Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032104","article-title":"Development, drop, and death","volume":"6","author":"Riegel","year":"1972","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200212200-00010","article-title":"Variable effects of aging on frontal lobe contributions to memory","volume":"13","author":"Rosen","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0703-04.2004","article-title":"Age-related functional changes of prefrontal cortex in long-term memory: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"24","author":"Rossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R81","first-page":"132","article-title":"The relationship between brain activity, cognitive performance and aging: The case of memory","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging","author":"Rugg","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/74889","article-title":"Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory","volume":"3","author":"Rypma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02299.x","article-title":"Electrocortical signs of levels of processing\u2014Perceptual analysis and recognition memory","volume":"17","author":"Sanquist","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022371","article-title":"A general model for the study of developmental problems","volume":"64","author":"Schaie","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21230","article-title":"Span, CRUNCH, and beyond: Working memory capacity and the aging brain","volume":"22","author":"Schneider-Garces","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00218","article-title":"Age-related neural reorganization during spoken word recognition: The interaction of form and meaning","volume":"24","author":"Shafto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001","volume-title":"Applied longitudinal data analysis: Methods for studying change and event occurrence","author":"Singer","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3085","article-title":"A pathophysiological framework of hippocampal dysfunction in ageing and disease","volume":"12","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj083","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on brain function and cognition among elders with memory dysfunction. A randomized sham-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Sole-Padulles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.01.009","article-title":"Reliable differences in brain activity between young and old adults: A quantitative meta-analysis across multiple cognitive domains","volume":"34","author":"Spreng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh142","article-title":"Brain networks associated with cognitive reserve in healthy young and old adults","volume":"15","author":"Stern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R92","volume-title":"World population ageing 2009","author":"United Nations","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5380.1188","article-title":"Building memories: Remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity","volume":"281","author":"Wagner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.045","article-title":"Is retaining the youthful functional anatomy underlying speed of information processing a signature of successful cognitive ageing? An event-related fMRI study of inspection time performance","volume":"41","author":"Waiter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16845","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2547-10.2010","article-title":"Neural correlates of syntactic processing in the nonfluent variant of primary progressive aphasia","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0294","article-title":"Characterizing the response of PET and fMRI data using multivariate linear models","volume":"6","author":"Worsley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.04.005","article-title":"Age-related differences in effective connectivity of brain regions involved in Japanese kanji processing with homophone judgment task","volume":"135","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2002.2864","article-title":"The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research","volume":"46","author":"Yonelinas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073001012622100_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.03.002","article-title":"Age-related changes in brain activation during a delayed item recognition task","volume":"28","author":"Zarahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/7\/1275\/1949138\/jocn_a_00783.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/27\/7\/1275\/1949138\/jocn_a_00783.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T17:42:05Z","timestamp":1717695725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/27\/7\/1275\/28356\/Neural-Reorganization-and-Compensation-in-Aging"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]}}}