{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:28:34Z","timestamp":1763036914574},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A crucial aspect of bilingual communication is the ability to identify the language of an input. Yet, the neural and cognitive basis of this ability is largely unknown. Moreover, it cannot be easily incorporated into neuronal models of bilingualism, which posit that bilinguals rely on the same neural substrates for both languages and concurrently activate them even in monolingual settings. Here we hypothesized that bilinguals can employ language-specific sublexical (bigram frequency) and lexical (orthographic neighborhood size) statistics for language recognition. Moreover, we investigated the neural networks representing language-specific statistics and hypothesized that language identity is encoded in distributed activation patterns within these networks. To this end, German\u2013English bilinguals made speeded language decisions on visually presented pseudowords during fMRI. Language attribution followed lexical neighborhood sizes both in first (L1) and second (L2) language. RTs revealed an overall tuning to L1 bigram statistics. Neuroimaging results demonstrated tuning to L1 statistics at sublexical (occipital lobe) and phonological (temporoparietal lobe) levels, whereas neural activation in the angular gyri reflected sensitivity to lexical similarity to both languages. Analysis of distributed activation patterns reflected language attribution as early as in the ventral stream of visual processing. We conclude that in language-ambiguous contexts visual word processing is dominated by L1 statistical structure at sublexical orthographic and phonological levels, whereas lexical search is determined by the structure of both languages. Moreover, our results demonstrate that language identity modulates distributed activation patterns throughout the reading network, providing a key to language identity representations within this shared network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T14:08:41Z","timestamp":1438265321000},"page":"2197-2214","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Activation Patterns throughout the Word Processing Network of L1-dominant Bilinguals Reflect Language Similarity and Language Decisions"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yulia","family":"Oganian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Freie Universitaet Berlin"},{"name":"2Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Freie Universitaet Berlin"},{"name":"3Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Aryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Freie Universitaet Berlin"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Spalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Humboldt Universitaet, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hauke R.","family":"Heekeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Freie Universitaet Berlin"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073000520195000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.03.014","article-title":"Neural aspects of second language representation and language control","volume":"128","author":"Abutalebi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"2021073000520195000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511801686","volume-title":"Analyzing linguistic data. 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