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We conducted an fMRI experiment using manual actions varying in phonological structure and semantics: (1) signs of a familiar sign language (British Sign Language), (2) signs of an unfamiliar sign language (Swedish Sign Language), and (3) invented nonsigns that violate the phonological rules of British Sign Language and Swedish Sign Language or consist of nonoccurring combinations of phonological parameters. Three groups of participants were tested: deaf native signers, deaf nonsigners, and hearing nonsigners. Results show that the linguistic processing of different phonological parameters of sign language is independent of the sensorimotor characteristics of the language signal. Handshape and location were processed by different perceptual and task-related brain networks but recruited the same language areas. The semantic content of the stimuli did not influence this process, but phonological structure did, with nonsigns being associated with longer RTs and stronger activations in an action observation network in all participants and in the supramarginal gyrus exclusively in deaf signers. These results suggest higher processing demands for stimuli that contravene the phonological rules of a signed language, independently of previous knowledge of signed languages. We suggest that the phonological characteristics of a language may arise as a consequence of more efficient neural processing for its perception and production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T18:10:56Z","timestamp":1441822256000},"page":"20-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Monitoring Different Phonological Parameters of Sign Language Engages the Same Cortical Language Network but Distinctive Perceptual Ones"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Velia","family":"Cardin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University College London"},{"name":"2Link\u00f6ping University"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Orfanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University College London"},{"name":"3University of Crete"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"K\u00e4stner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University College London"},{"name":"4Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin"}]},{"given":"Jerker","family":"R\u00f6nnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Link\u00f6ping University"}]},{"given":"Bencie","family":"Woll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University College London"}]},{"given":"Cheryl M.","family":"Capek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5University of Manchester"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Rudner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Link\u00f6ping University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073020580753300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20031140","article-title":"Perceptually optimised sign language video coding based on eye tracking analysis","volume":"39","author":"Agrafiotis","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEE Electronics Letters"},{"key":"2021073020580753300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(96)00083-8","article-title":"Functional activation of the human brain during mental rotation","volume":"35","author":"Alivesatos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073020580753300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00942","article-title":"Similar digit-based working memory in deaf signers and hearing nonsigners despite digit span differences","volume":"4","author":"Andin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2021073020580753300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2014.03.015","article-title":"Deaf signers use phonology to do arithmetic","volume":"32","author":"Andin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2021073020580753300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.026","article-title":"Task-induced deactivation and the \u201cresting\u201d state","volume":"62","author":"Binder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073020580753300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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