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We manipulated the final chord of each sequence in terms of Syntax (congruent\/incongruent keys) and Manner (conventional\/unconventional fingering), as well as the strength of its predictability by varying the length of the Context (five-chord\/two-chord progressions). The production of syntactically incongruent compared to congruent chords showed a response delay that was larger in the long compared to the short context. This behavioral effect was accompanied by a centroparietal negativity in the long but not in the short context, suggesting that a syntax-based motor plan was prepared ahead. Conversely, the execution of the unconventional manner was not delayed as a function of Context and elicited an opposite electrophysiological pattern (a posterior positivity). The current data support the hypothesis that motor plans operate at the level of musical syntax and are incrementally translated to lower levels of movement selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T18:10:56Z","timestamp":1441822256000},"page":"41-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Syntax in Action Has Priority over Movement Selection in Piano Playing: An ERP Study"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Novembre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Scharf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Angela D.","family":"Friederici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Villringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Sammler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073020581414100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2182","article-title":"Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players","volume":"11","author":"Aglioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020581414100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/713755872","article-title":"Imitation of gestures in children is goal-directed","volume":"53","author":"Bekkering","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073020581414100_R74","article-title":"Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation: Fuer Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler","author":"Bortz","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021073020581414100_R3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Prediction, cognition and the brain","volume":"4","author":"Bubic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020581414100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi007","article-title":"Action observation and acquired motor skills: An fMRI study with expert dancers","volume":"15","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073020581414100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11134","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2605-09.2009","article-title":"Representation of goal and movements without overt motor behavior in the human motor cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"29","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020581414100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0981","article-title":"Does the end justify the means? 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