{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T19:58:47Z","timestamp":1762113527276},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Communication between brain areas and how they are influenced by changes in consciousness are not fully understood. One hypothesis is that brain areas communicate via oscillatory processes, utilizing network-specific frequency bands, that can be measured with metrics that reflect between-region interactions, such as coherence and phase amplitude coupling (PAC). To evaluate this hypothesis and understand how these interactions are modulated by state changes, we analyzed electrophysiological recordings in humans at different nodes of one well-studied brain network: the basal ganglia\u2013thalamocortical loops of the motor system during loss of consciousness induced by anesthesia. We recorded simultaneous electrocorticography over primary motor cortex (M1) with local field potentials from subcortical motor regions (either basal ganglia or thalamus) in 15 movement disorder patients during anesthesia (propofol) induction as a part of their surgery for deep brain stimulation. We observed reduced coherence and PAC between M1 and the subcortical nuclei, which was specific to the beta band (\u223c18\u201324 Hz). The fact that this pattern occurs selectively in beta underscores the importance of this frequency band in the motor system and supports the idea that oscillatory interactions at specific frequencies are related to the capacity for normal brain function and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T13:20:13Z","timestamp":1443100813000},"page":"84-95","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Motor System Interactions in the Beta Band Decrease during Loss of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Swann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"de Hemptinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Ryan B.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Fidere Anesthesia Consultants, Mountain View, CA"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, Berkeley, CA"}]},{"given":"Lingzhong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Adrian W.","family":"Gelb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California San Francisco"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073020580132800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.11.013","article-title":"Changes in subthalamic activity during movement observation in Parkinson's disease: Is the mirror system mirrored in the basal ganglia?","volume":"121","author":"Alegre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149213","article-title":"Consciousness and anesthesia","volume":"322","author":"Alkire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp086","article-title":"Impaired consciousness during temporal lobe seizures is related to increased long-distance cortical-subcortical synchronization","volume":"132","author":"Arthuis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R5","first-page":"155","article-title":"Neural correlates of consciousness during general anesthesia using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)","volume":"150","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives Italiennes de Biologie"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011949107","article-title":"Stable and dynamic cortical electrophysiology of induction and emergence with propofol anesthesia","volume":"107","author":"Breshears","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308538101","article-title":"Beta oscillations in a large-scale sensorimotor cortical network: Directional influences revealed by Granger causality","volume":"101","author":"Brovelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128115","article-title":"High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex","volume":"313","author":"Canolty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.001","article-title":"The functional role of cross-frequency coupling","volume":"14","author":"Canolty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf135","article-title":"Movement-related changes in synchronization in the human basal ganglia","volume":"125","author":"Cassidy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003887","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003887","article-title":"Spectral signatures of reorganised brain networks in disorders of consciousness","volume":"10","author":"Chennu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R12","first-page":"244","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Observer's Assessment of Alertness\/Sedation Scale: Study with intravenous midazolam","volume":"10","author":"Chernik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017069108","article-title":"Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness","volume":"107","author":"Ching","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.12.2301","article-title":"Functional mapping of human sensorimotor cortex with electrocorticographic spectral analysis. II. Event-related synchronization in the gamma band","volume":"121","author":"Crone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.12.2271","article-title":"Functional mapping of human sensorimotor cortex with electrocorticographic spectral analysis. I. Alpha and beta event-related desynchronization","volume":"121","author":"Crone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr332","article-title":"Oscillations in sensorimotor cortex in movement disorders: An electrocorticography study","volume":"135","author":"Crowell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214546110","article-title":"Exaggerated phase-amplitude coupling in the primary motor cortex in Parkinson disease","volume":"110","author":"de Hemptinne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3997","article-title":"Therapeutic deep brain stimulation reduces cortical phase amplitude coupling in Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"de Hemptinne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01568-0","article-title":"Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness","volume":"5","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200409000-00011","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new propofol prodrug GPI 15715 and propofol emulsion","volume":"101","author":"Fechner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.035","article-title":"Diffusion weighted imaging distinguishes the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state","volume":"54","author":"Fernandez-Espejo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000079981","article-title":"Propofol-induced alpha rhythm","volume":"50","author":"Feshchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907083","article-title":"Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease","volume":"362","author":"Follett","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.08.011","article-title":"A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: Neuronal communication through neuronal coherence","volume":"9","author":"Fries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.08.001","article-title":"Consciousness: Its neurobiology and the major classes of impairment","volume":"29","author":"Goldfine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.05.007","article-title":"High frequency gamma activity in the left hippocampus predicts visual object naming performance","volume":"135","author":"Hamame","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh106","article-title":"Event-related beta desynchronization in human subthalamic nucleus correlates with motor performance","volume":"127","author":"Kuhn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5295-07.2008","article-title":"Patterns of bidirectional communication between cortex and basal ganglia during movement in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"28","author":"Lalo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.10.010","article-title":"The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state","volume":"9","author":"Laureys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0414","article-title":"Impaired effective cortical connectivity in vegetative state: Preliminary investigation using PET","volume":"9","author":"Laureys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.041","article-title":"Coma and consciousness: Paradigms (re)framed by neuroimaging","volume":"61","author":"Laureys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3377","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210907109","article-title":"Rapid fragmentation of neuronal networks at the onset of propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"109","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13613","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2041-09.2009","article-title":"Broadband shifts in local field potential power spectra are correlated with single-neuron spiking in humans","volume":"29","author":"Manning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R35","first-page":"44","article-title":"Cortical mechanisms of loss of consciousness: Insight from TMS\/EEG studies","volume":"150","author":"Massimini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives Italiennes de Biologie"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002655","article-title":"Human motor cortical activity is selectively phase-entrained on underlying rhythms","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3886-06.2007","article-title":"Spectral changes in cortical surface potentials during motor movement","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5813-12.2014","article-title":"A transition in brain state during propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"34","author":"Mukamel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5670","article-title":"Coherent 25- to 35-Hz oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys","volume":"89","author":"Murthy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000119329.66931.9E","article-title":"Thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: Relation of lead location to outcome","volume":"54","author":"Papavassiliou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)90139-5","article-title":"Central beta rhythm during sensorimotor activities in man","volume":"51","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221180110","article-title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol","volume":"110","author":"Purdon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.035","article-title":"The role of the subthalamic nucleus in response inhibition: Evidence from local field potential recordings in the human subthalamic nucleus","volume":"60","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181f565f2","article-title":"Propofol decreases neuronal population spiking activity in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinsonian patients","volume":"111","author":"Raz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes432","article-title":"Partial antagonism of propofol anaesthesia by physostigmine in rats is associated with potentiation of fast (80\u2013200 Hz) oscillations in the thalamus","volume":"110","author":"Reed","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.10.4470","article-title":"Oscillations in local field potentials of the primate motor cortex during voluntary movement","volume":"90","author":"Sanes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059413513723","article-title":"Quantifying cortical EEG responses to TMS in (un)consciousness","volume":"45","author":"Sarasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820781bc","article-title":"Intraoperative computed tomography for deep brain stimulation surgery: Technique and accuracy assessment","volume":"68","author":"Shahlaie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4676-12.2013","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus neurons are synchronized to primary motor cortex local field potentials in Parkinson's disease","volume":"33","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3137","article-title":"Spectral fingerprints of large-scale neuronal interactions","volume":"13","author":"Siegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199410000-00008","article-title":"The interaction of fentanyl on the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.2.0370","article-title":"Implantation of deep brain stimulators into the subthalamic nucleus: Technical approach and magnetic resonance imaging-verified lead locations","volume":"97","author":"Starr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.488","article-title":"Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: Techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Starr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810524105","article-title":"Dynamic cross-frequency couplings of local field potential oscillations in rat striatum and hippocampus during performance of a T-maze task","volume":"105","author":"Tort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00252","article-title":"Neural synchrony within the motor system: What have we learned so far?","volume":"6","author":"van Wijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-013-0100-y","article-title":"The sensory thalamus and cerebral motor cortex are affected concurrently during induction of anesthesia with propofol: A case series with intracranial electroencephalogram recordings","volume":"61","author":"Verdonck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2929-12.2012","article-title":"Regulation of motor representation by phase-amplitude coupling in the sensorimotor cortex","volume":"32","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.1.141","article-title":"Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark","volume":"120","author":"Yousry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021073020580132800_R59","article-title":"Structural connectivity between the thalamus and fronto-temporal regions predicts level of awareness in disorders of consciousness","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience Conference (Abs)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/28\/1\/84\/1950261\/jocn_a_00884.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/28\/1\/84\/1950261\/jocn_a_00884.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T06:09:32Z","timestamp":1653199772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/28\/1\/84\/28426\/Motor-System-Interactions-in-the-Beta-Band"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00884","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}}}