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An alternative hypothesis derived from the study of songbirds suggests that the corticostriate motor pathway performs sensorimotor processes that are specific to vocal imitation. Using fMRI with a sparse event-related sampling design, we investigated the neural basis of vocal imitation in humans by comparing imitative vocal production of pitch sequences with both nonimitative vocal production and pitch discrimination. The strongest difference between these tasks was found in the putamen bilaterally, providing a striking parallel to the role of the analogous region in songbirds. Other areas preferentially activated during imitation included the orofacial motor cortex, Rolandic operculum, and SMA, which together outline the corticostriate motor loop. No differences were seen in the inferior frontal gyrus. The corticostriate system thus appears to be the central pathway for vocal imitation in humans, as predicted from an analogy with songbirds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T16:20:51Z","timestamp":1450801251000},"page":"621-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Neural Basis of Vocal Pitch Imitation in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Belyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"}]},{"given":"Peter Q.","family":"Pfordresher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2State University at Buffalo, New York"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Liotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073020573101900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020573101900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155140","article-title":"A specialized forebrain circuit for vocal babbling in the juvenile songbird","volume":"320","author":"Aronov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073020573101900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Mouse vocal communication system: Are ultrasounds learned or innate?","volume":"124","author":"Arriaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021073020573101900_R4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pitch underlies activation of the vocal system during affective vocalization","author":"Belyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020573101900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2478\/v10053-008-0068-2","article-title":"Acquired and congenital disorders of sung performance: A review","volume":"5","author":"Berkowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances in Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073020573101900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411300401","article-title":"Laryngeal findings in advanced Parkinson's disease","volume":"113","author":"Blumin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology"},{"key":"2021073020573101900_R7","unstructured":"Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. 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