{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:50:59Z","timestamp":1776113459634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to improve working memory (WM) performance in healthy individuals, suggesting its value as a means of cognitive enhancement. However, recent meta-analyses concluded that tDCS has little or no effect on WM in healthy participants. In this article, we review reasons why these meta-analyses may have underestimated the effect of tDCS on WM and report a more comprehensive and arguably more sensitive meta-analysis. Consistent with our interest in enhancement, we focused on anodal stimulation. Thirty-one articles matched inclusion criteria and were included in four primary meta-analyses assessing the WM effects of anodal stimulation over the left and right dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC) and right parietal lobe as well as left DLPFC stimulation coupled with WM training. These analyses revealed a small but significant effect of left DLPFC stimulation coupled with WM training. Left DLPFC stimulation alone also enhanced WM performance, but the effect was reduced to nonsignificance after correction for publication bias. No other effects were significant, including a variety of tested moderators. Additional meta-analyses were undertaken with study selection criteria based on previous meta-analyses, to reassess the findings from these studies using the analytic methods of this study. These analyses revealed a mix of significant and nonsignificant small effects. We conclude that the primary WM enhancement potential of tDCS probably lies in its use during training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T19:31:21Z","timestamp":1460057481000},"page":"1063-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":265,"title":["Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Healthy Working Memory?: A Meta-analytic Review"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"Irena P.","family":"Ilieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY"}]},{"given":"Roy H.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"Martha J.","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Pennsylvania"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021040966400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.06.004","article-title":"Improving working memory: The effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"2021073021040966400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","article-title":"Partially non linear stimulation intensity dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans","volume":"591","author":"Batsikadze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2021073021040966400_R3","unstructured":"Batuman, E.\n           (2015, April). 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