{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T13:57:39Z","timestamp":1761400659184},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Arithmetic problem-solving can be conceptualized as a multistage process ranging from task encoding over rule and strategy selection to step-wise task execution. Previous fMRI research suggested a frontal\u2013parietal network involved in the execution of complex numerical and nonnumerical tasks, but evidence is lacking on the particular contributions of frontal and parietal cortices across time. In an arithmetic task paradigm, we evaluated individual participants' \u201cretrieval\u201d and \u201cmultistep procedural\u201d strategies on a trial-by-trial basis and contrasted those in time-resolved analyses using combined EEG and MEG. Retrieval strategies relied on direct retrieval of arithmetic facts (e.g., 2 + 3 = 5). Procedural strategies required multiple solution steps (e.g., 12 + 23 = 12 + 20 + 3 or 23 + 10 + 2). Evoked source analyses revealed independent activation dynamics within the first second of problem-solving in brain areas previously described as one network, such as the frontal\u2013parietal cognitive control network: The right frontal cortex showed earliest effects of strategy selection for multistep procedural strategies around 300 msec, before parietal cortex activated around 700 msec. In time\u2013frequency source power analyses, memory retrieval and multistep procedural strategies were differentially reflected in theta, alpha, and beta frequencies: Stronger beta and alpha desynchronizations emerged for procedural strategies in right frontal, parietal, and temporal regions as function of executive demands. Arithmetic fact retrieval was reflected in right prefrontal increases in theta power. Our results demonstrate differential brain dynamics within frontal\u2013parietal networks across the time course of a problem-solving process, and analyses of different frequency bands allowed us to disentangle cortical regions supporting the underlying memory and executive functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]],"date-time":"2016-03-30T22:50:26Z","timestamp":1459378226000},"page":"1098-1110","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Frontal and Parietal Cortices Show Different Spatiotemporal Dynamics across Problem-solving Stages"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nadja","family":"Tschentscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Hauk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021043384600_R1","volume-title":"The architecture of cognition","author":"Anderson","year":"1983"},{"key":"2021073021043384600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.1.35","article-title":"Problem-solving and learning","volume":"48","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"2021073021043384600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22","article-title":"Human symbol manipulation within an integrated cognitive architecture","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2021073021043384600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-010-0011-0","article-title":"Cognitive and metacognitive activity in mathematical problem-solving: Prefrontal and parietal patterns","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021043384600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20108","article-title":"Using brain imaging to extract the structure of complex events at the rational time band","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021043384600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2006.06.003","article-title":"Information-processing modules and their relative modality specificity","volume":"54","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021043384600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.009","article-title":"Is 2 + 2 = 4? 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