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In this fMRI study, we investigated cognitive control-based behavioral adjustments during a probabilistic reinforcement learning task and studied their influence on performance in a later test phase in which the learned value of items is tested. We provide support for the idea that functionally relevant and memory-reliant behavioral adjustments in the form of post-error slowing during reinforcement learning are associated with test performance. Adjusting response speed after negative feedback was correlated with BOLD activity in right inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle occipital cortex during the event of receiving the feedback. Bilateral middle occipital cortex activity overlapped partly with activity reflecting feedback deviance from expectations as measured by unsigned prediction error. These results suggest that cognitive control and feature processing cortical regions interact to implement feedback-congruent adaptations beneficial to learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T16:50:39Z","timestamp":1464713439000},"page":"1539-1552","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Memory-reliant Post-error Slowing Is Associated with Successful Learning and Fronto-occipital Activity"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn C.","family":"Schiffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Granqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara L.","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021021090700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007","article-title":"Triangulating a cognitive control network using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI","volume":"27","author":"Aron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021021090700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003","article-title":"Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: One decade on","volume":"18","author":"Aron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021021090700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17772","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3793-11.2011","article-title":"Encoding of both positive and negative reward prediction errors by neurons of the primate lateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus","volume":"31","author":"Asaad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021021090700_R4","first-page":"253","article-title":"The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research","volume-title":"Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology","author":"Bargh","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021073021021090700_R5","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. 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