{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:09:44Z","timestamp":1777622984373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Numerous studies have demonstrated that visual STM (VSTM) and attention are tightly linked processes that share a number of neuroanatomical substrates. Here, we used repetitive TMS (rTMS) along with simultaneous EEG to examine the causal relationship between intraparietal sulcus functioning and performance on tasks of attention and VSTM. Participants performed two tasks in which they were required to attend to or remember colored items over a brief interval, with 10-Hz rTMS applied on some of the trials. Although no overall behavioral changes were observed across either task, rTMS did affect individual performance on both the attention and VSTM tasks in a manner that was predicted by individual differences in baseline performance. Furthermore, rTMS also affected ongoing oscillations in the alpha and beta bands, and these changes were related to the observed change in behavioral performance. The results reveal a causal relationship between intraparietal sulcus activity and tasks measuring both visual attention and VSTM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]],"date-time":"2016-09-14T15:46:58Z","timestamp":1473868018000},"page":"286-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparing the Effects of 10-Hz Repetitive TMS on Tasks of Visual STM and Attention"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Emrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2North Dakota State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Sutterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Chicago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley R.","family":"Postle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021063628300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158023","article-title":"Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision","volume":"321","author":"Bays","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.016","article-title":"Arrhythmic activity in the left frontal eye field facilitates conscious visual perception in humans","volume":"71","author":"Chanes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.025","article-title":"Decoding complex flow-field patterns in visual working memory","volume":"91","author":"Christophel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12983","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0184-12.2012","article-title":"Decoding the contents of visual short-term memory from human visual and parietal cortex","volume":"32","author":"Christophel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129","article-title":"Neural population dynamics during reaching","volume":"487","author":"Churchland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","article-title":"The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm073","article-title":"Large-scale gamma-band phase synchronization and selective attention","volume":"18","author":"Doesburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6516","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5732-12.2013","article-title":"Distributed patterns of activity in sensory cortex reflect the precision of multiple items maintained in visual short-term memory","volume":"33","author":"Emrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.013","article-title":"Parietal and frontal cortex encode stimulus-specific mnemonic representations during visual working memory","volume":"87","author":"Ester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00860.2015","article-title":"The topography of alpha-band activity tracks the content of spatial working memory","volume":"115","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199812010-00030","article-title":"Parieto-occipital approximately 10 Hz activity reflects anticipatory state of visual attention mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Foxe","year":"1998","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14009","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5003-14.2015","article-title":"\u03b1 power modulation and event-related slow wave provide dissociable correlates of visual working memory","volume":"35","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20759","article-title":"Oscillatory activity in parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during retention in visual short-term memory: Additive effects of spatial attention and memory load","volume":"30","author":"Grimault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404944101","article-title":"Modulation of long-range neural synchrony reflects temporal limitations of visual attention in humans","volume":"101","author":"Gross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.014.2009","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects behavior by biasing endogenous cortical oscillations","volume":"3","author":"Hamidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.04.001","article-title":"Brain responses evoked by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: An event-related potential study","volume":"3","author":"Hamidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10.1","DOI":"10.1167\/9.4.10","article-title":"Using fMRI to distinguish components of the multiple object tracking task","volume":"9","author":"Howe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.8.877","article-title":"Oscillations in the alpha band (9\u201312 Hz) increase with memory load during retention in a short-term memory task","volume":"12","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186","article-title":"Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: Gating by inhibition","volume":"4","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-009-0118-1","article-title":"Using EEG to explore how rTMS produces its effects on behavior","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00707.2011","article-title":"Task-dependent changes in cortical excitability and effective connectivity: A combined TMS-EEG study","volume":"107","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00128","article-title":"Increased alpha-band power during the retention of shapes and shape-location associations in visual short-term memory","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720163","article-title":"Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation","volume":"37","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0359-y","article-title":"Working memory as internal attention: Toward an integrative account of internal and external selection processes","volume":"20","author":"Kiyonaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(98)00056-1","article-title":"\u201cParadoxical\u201d alpha synchronization in a memory task","volume":"7","author":"Klimesch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9857","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2758-13.2014","article-title":"A shared, flexible neural map architecture reflects capacity limits in both visual short-term memory and enumeration","volume":"34","author":"Knops","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.001","article-title":"Context-specific differences in fronto-parieto-occipital effective connectivity during short-term memory maintenance","volume":"114","author":"Kundu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.11.004","article-title":"Trait-like differences in underlying oscillatory state predict individual differences in the TMS-evoked response","volume":"7","author":"Kundu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00005","article-title":"Multiple neural states of representation in short-term memory? It's a matter of attention","volume":"8","author":"LaRocque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00105.2011","article-title":"Mapping brain activation and information during category-specific visual working memory","volume":"107","author":"Linden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00213","article-title":"ERPLAB: An open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials","volume":"8","author":"Lopez-Calderon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.015","article-title":"Attentional demands predict short-term memory load response in posterior parietal cortex","volume":"47","author":"Magen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014","article-title":"Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"37","author":"Miniussi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm205","article-title":"Flexible, capacity-limited activity of posterior parietal cortex in perceptual as well as visual short-term memory tasks","volume":"18","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00018","article-title":"The temporal evolution of electromagnetic markers sensitive to the capacity limits of visual short-term memory","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R39","first-page":"566","article-title":"Distributed and overlapping neural substrates for object individuation and identification in visual short-term memory","volume":"26","author":"Naughtin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913113107","article-title":"Neuronal synchrony reveals working memory networks and predicts individual memory capacity","volume":"107","author":"Palva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1603","article-title":"Working memory in primate sensory systems","volume":"6","author":"Pasternak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","article-title":"Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping","volume":"72","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.06.005","article-title":"Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain","volume":"139","author":"Postle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R45","first-page":"43","article-title":"Neural bases of the short-term retention of visual information: Mechanisms of sensory working memory","volume-title":"Attention & performance XXV","author":"Postle","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1892-12.2012","article-title":"The relationship between working memory storage and elevated activity as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"32","author":"Riggall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00837.x","article-title":"Bilateral parietal and contralateral responses during maintenance of unilaterally encoded objects in visual short-term memory: Evidence from magnetoencephalography","volume":"46","author":"Robitaille","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.027","article-title":"Distinguishing between lateralized and nonlateralized brain activity associated with visual short-term memory: fMRI, MEG, and EEG evidence from the same observers","volume":"53","author":"Robitaille","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7679","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0445-09.2009","article-title":"Natural frequencies of human corticothalamic circuits","volume":"29","author":"Rosanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00955","article-title":"Decoding and reconstructing the focus of spatial attention from the topography of alpha-band oscillations","volume":"28","author":"Samaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.08.062","article-title":"Brain oscillatory substrates of visual short-term memory capacity","volume":"19","author":"Sauseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4863-10.2011","article-title":"Stochastic resonance effects reveal the neural mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"31","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5684-09.2010","article-title":"Anticipatory attentional suppression of visual features indexed by oscillatory alpha-band power increases: A high-density electrical mapping study","volume":"30","author":"Snyder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.004","article-title":"\u201cActivity-silent\u201d working memory in prefrontal cortex: A dynamic coding framework","volume":"19","author":"Stokes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.00803.x","article-title":"Remembering a location makes the eyes curve away","volume":"16","author":"Theeuwes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.049","article-title":"Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures","volume":"21","author":"Thut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02466","article-title":"Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex","volume":"428","author":"Todd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.5.2.144","article-title":"Posterior parietal cortex activity predicts individual differences in visual short-term memory capacity","volume":"5","author":"Todd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8257","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5348-12.2013","article-title":"Neural limits to representing objects still within view","volume":"33","author":"Tsubomi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908821107","article-title":"Modulations in oscillatory activity with amplitude asymmetry can produce cognitively relevant event-related responses","volume":"107","author":"van Dijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02513307","article-title":"Instrumentation for the measurement of electric brain responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"37","author":"Virtanen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02447","article-title":"Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity","volume":"428","author":"Vogel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC63","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-06-j0002.2000","article-title":"Anticipatory biasing of visuospatial attention indexed by retinotopically specific alpha-band electroencephalography increases over occipital cortex","volume":"20","author":"Worden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021063628300_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04262","article-title":"Dissociable neural mechanisms supporting visual short-term memory for objects","volume":"440","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/29\/2\/286\/1952340\/jocn_a_01043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/29\/2\/286\/1952340\/jocn_a_01043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T02:35:43Z","timestamp":1627698943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/29\/2\/286\/28618\/Comparing-the-Effects-of-10-Hz-Repetitive-TMS-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}}}