{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:42:19Z","timestamp":1773884539571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Language processing depends on a left-lateralized network of frontotemporal cortical regions. This network is remarkably consistent across individuals and cultures. However, there is also evidence that developmental factors, such as delayed exposure to language, can modify this network. Recently, it has been found that, in congenitally blind individuals, the typical frontotemporal language network expands to include parts of \u201cvisual\u201d cortices. Here, we report that blindness is also associated with reduced left lateralization in frontotemporal language areas. We analyzed fMRI data from two samples of congenitally blind adults (n = 19 and n = 13) and one sample of congenitally blind children (n = 20). Laterality indices were computed for sentence comprehension relative to three different control conditions: solving math equations (Experiment 1), a memory task with nonwords (Experiment 2), and a \u201cdoes this come next?\u201d task with music (Experiment 3). Across experiments and participant samples, the frontotemporal language network was less left-lateralized in congenitally blind than in sighted individuals. Reduction in left lateralization was not related to Braille reading ability or amount of occipital plasticity. Notably, we observed a positive correlation between the lateralization of frontotemporal cortex and that of language-responsive occipital areas in blind individuals. Blind individuals with right-lateralized language responses in frontotemporal cortices also had right-lateralized occipital responses to language. Together, these results reveal a modified neurobiology of language in blindness. Our findings suggest that, despite its usual consistency across people, the neurobiology of language can be modified by nonlinguistic experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T13:29:04Z","timestamp":1474378144000},"page":"65-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Reduced Left Lateralization of Language in Congenitally Blind Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Connor","family":"Lane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Johns Hopkins University"}]},{"given":"Shipra","family":"Kanjlia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Johns Hopkins University"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Harvard Medical School"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Omaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Johns Hopkins University"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Bedny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Johns Hopkins University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073020560488500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1328","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects","volume":"7","author":"Amedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020560488500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1072","article-title":"Early \u201cvisual\u201d cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind","volume":"6","author":"Amedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020560488500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649709540682","article-title":"From first words to grammar in children with focal brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Bates","year":"1997","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021073020560488500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014818108","article-title":"Language processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind adults","volume":"108","author":"Bedny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073020560488500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11674","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0634-15.2015","article-title":"\u201cVisual\u201d cortex responds to spoken language in blind children","volume":"35","author":"Bedny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020560488500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2011.21615","article-title":"The development of cortical sensitivity to visual word forms","volume":"23","author":"Ben-Shachar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073020560488500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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