{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:02:54Z","timestamp":1770487374401,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research on adolescence has largely focused on the particular biological and neural changes that place teens at risk for negative outcomes linked to increases in sensation-seeking and risky behavior. However, there is a growing interest in the adaptive function of adolescence, with work highlighting the dual nature of adolescence as a period of potential risk and opportunity. We examined how behavioral and neural sensitivity to risk and reward varies as a function of age using the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Seventy-seven children and adolescents (ages 8\u201317 years) completed the Balloon Analog Risk Task during an fMRI session. Results indicate that adolescents show greater learning throughout the task. Furthermore, older participants showed increased neural responses to reward in the OFC and ventral striatum, increased activation to risk in the mid-cingulate cortex, as well as increased functional OFC\u2013medial PFC coupling in both risk and reward contexts. Age-related changes in regional activity and interregional connectivity explain the link between age and increases in flexible learning. These results support the idea that adolescents' sensitivity to risk and reward supports adaptive learning and behavioral approaches for reward acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]],"date-time":"2016-10-19T18:27:17Z","timestamp":1476901637000},"page":"413-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Adaptive Adolescent Flexibility: Neurodevelopment of Decision-making and Learning in a Risky Context"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ethan M.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva H.","family":"Telzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021065941400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036837","article-title":"Modeling behavioral reactivity to losses and rewards on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART): Moderation by alcohol problem severity","volume":"22","author":"Ashenhurst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7226","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4764-14.2015","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: A comprehensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior","volume":"35","author":"Braams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015156","article-title":"Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior","volume":"66","author":"Casey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.006","article-title":"Beyond simple models of adolescence to an integrated circuit-based account: A commentary","volume":"17","author":"Casey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.010","article-title":"The adolescent brain","volume":"1124","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.x","article-title":"Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry","volume":"14","author":"Chein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.010","article-title":"Functional connectivity with anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices during decision-making","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021065941400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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