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An alternative approach sees executive control as self-organizing principles of a distributed organization. In distributed systems, control and controlled processes are colocalized within large numbers of dispersed computational agents. Control then is often an emergent consequence of simple rules governing the interaction between agents. Because these systems are unfamiliar and unintuitive, here we review several well-understood examples of distributed control systems, group living insects and social animals, and emphasize their parallels with neural systems. We then reexamine the cognitive neuroscience literature on executive control for evidence that its neural control systems may be distributed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]],"date-time":"2017-04-21T10:52:00Z","timestamp":1492771920000},"page":"1684-1698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Control without Controllers: Toward a Distributed Neuroscience of Executive Control"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Eisenreich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Akaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin 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