{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T20:33:17Z","timestamp":1781123597980,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Daily experiences demand both focused and broad allocation of attention for us to interact efficiently with our complex environments. Many types of attention have shown age-related decline, although there is also evidence that such deficits may be remediated with cognitive training. However, spatial attention abilities have shown inconsistent age-related differences, and the extent of potential enhancement of these abilities remains unknown. Here, we assessed spatial attention in both healthy younger and older adults and trained this ability in both age groups for 5 hr over the course of 2 weeks using a custom-made, computerized mobile training application. We compared training-related gains on a spatial attention assessment and spatial working memory task to age-matched controls who engaged in expectancy-matched, active placebo computerized training. Age-related declines in spatial attention abilities were observed regardless of task difficulty. Spatial attention training led to improved focused and distributed attention abilities as well as improved spatial working memory in both younger and older participants. No such improvements were observed in either of the age-matched control groups. Note that these findings were not a function of improvements in simple response time, as basic motoric function did not change after training. Furthermore, when using change in simple response time as a covariate, all findings remained significant. These results suggest that spatial attention training can lead to enhancements in spatial working memory regardless of age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T18:46:58Z","timestamp":1498589218000},"page":"1483-1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Enhancing Spatial Attention and Working Memory in Younger and Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Camarin E.","family":"Rolle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquin A.","family":"Anguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasha N.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Voytek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Gazzaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021104456800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12486","article-title":"Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults","volume":"501","author":"Anguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.06.002","article-title":"Video games, cognitive exercises, and the enhancement of cognitive abilities","volume":"4","author":"Anguera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22588","article-title":"Improving late life depression and cognitive control through the use of therapeutic video game technology: A proof-of-concept randomized trial","volume":"34","author":"Anguera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00327","article-title":"Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties","volume":"12","author":"Ariely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01593-X","article-title":"Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory","volume":"5","author":"Awh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2271","article-title":"Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Ball","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.5.002210","article-title":"Age and visual search: Expanding the useful field of view","volume":"5","author":"Ball","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.2.461","article-title":"Training older adults to search more effectively: Scanning strategy and visual search in dynamic displays","volume":"23","author":"Becic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.01.034","article-title":"Video game training to improve selective visual attention in older adults","volume":"29","author":"Belchior","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011537","article-title":"The influence of perceptual training on working memory in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.20.4.695","article-title":"Training effects on dual-task performance: Are there age-related differences in plasticity of attentional control?","volume":"20","author":"Bherer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.021","article-title":"An expectation-based memory deficit in aging","volume":"49","author":"Bollinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613491271","article-title":"The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects","volume":"8","author":"Boot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(90)90022-8","article-title":"Size of the attentional focus and efficiency of processing","volume":"73","author":"Castiello","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195009","article-title":"Attentional spread in the statistical processing of visual displays","volume":"67","author":"Chong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015297108","article-title":"Deficit in switching between functional brain networks underlies the impact of multitasking on working memory in older adults","volume":"108","author":"Clapp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P11","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.1.P11","article-title":"Age-related changes in the functional visual field: Further evidence for an inverse age \u00d7 eccentricity effect","volume":"59","author":"Coeckelbergh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198409)40:5<1244::AID-JCLP2270400521>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Age-related decrements in Stroop color test performance","volume":"40","author":"Cohn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1962.10533572","article-title":"Interference effects of Stroop color\u2013word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging","volume":"100","author":"Comalli","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Genetic Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203837665","volume-title":"The handbook of aging and cognition","author":"Craik","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00112-3","article-title":"Effects of aging on visuospatial attention: An ERP study","volume":"39","author":"Curran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R22","volume-title":"Manual for the California Verbal Learning Test\u2014Second edition (CVLT\u2013II)","author":"Delis","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(81)90039-7","article-title":"Life-span changes in visually evoked potentials at central scalp","volume":"2","author":"Dustman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211502","article-title":"Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model","volume":"40","author":"Eriksen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R24","first-page":"583","article-title":"Allocation of attention in the visual field","volume":"11","author":"Eriksen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.7.3.453","article-title":"Aging and shifts of visual spatial attention","volume":"7","author":"Folk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00042","article-title":"Assessing brain plasticity across the lifespan with transcranial magnetic stimulation: Why, how, and what is the ultimate goal?","volume":"7","author":"Freitas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.014","article-title":"Top\u2013down modulation: Bridging selective attention and working memory","volume":"16","author":"Gazzaley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R29","volume-title":"The assessment of aphasia and related disorders","author":"Goodglass","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0904-6","article-title":"Selective spatial enhancement: Attentional spotlight size impacts spatial but not temporal perception","volume":"23","author":"Goodhew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.13.1.138","article-title":"Time course of allocation of visual attention after equating for sensory differences: An age-related perspective","volume":"13","author":"Gottlob","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P165","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/54B.3.P165","article-title":"Age differences in the strategic allocation of visual attention","volume":"54","author":"Gottlob","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01647","article-title":"Action video game modifies visual selective attention","volume":"423","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R34","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention","volume":"32","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206901","article-title":"Scale of attentional focus in visual search","volume":"61","author":"Greenwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194857","article-title":"The scaling of spatial attention in visual search and its modification in healthy aging","volume":"66","author":"Greenwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.1.3","article-title":"Controlling the focus of spatial attention during visual search: Effects of advanced aging and Alzheimer disease","volume":"11","author":"Greenwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90061-4","article-title":"Changes in visuospatial attention over the adult lifespan","volume":"31","author":"Greenwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D284","DOI":"10.2741\/Groth","article-title":"Visual attention and aging","volume":"5","author":"Groth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206771","article-title":"Allocation of visual attention in younger and older adults","volume":"52","author":"Hartley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R41","first-page":"523","article-title":"Age differences and similarities in the effects of cues and prompts","volume":"16","author":"Hartley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R42","volume-title":"Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead\u2013Reitan Battery: A supplement for the WAIS-R","author":"Heaton","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.4.545","article-title":"Visual search across the life span","volume":"40","author":"Hommel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039260","article-title":"Cognitive dedifferentiation with increasing age and proximity of death: Within-person evidence from the Seattle Longitudinal Study","volume":"30","author":"H\u00fcl\u00fcr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R45","volume-title":"Ishihara's tests for colour deficiency: 24 plates","author":"Ishihara","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.2.109","article-title":"Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention","volume":"7","author":"Jha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R47","volume-title":"Western aphasia battery test manual","author":"Kertesz","year":"1982"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639708403838","article-title":"Effect of test duration on age-related differences in Stroop interference","volume":"19","author":"Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000022071","article-title":"Aging and the scope of visual attention","volume":"45","author":"Kosslyn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R50","first-page":"50","article-title":"Training for attentional control in dual task settings: A comparison of young and old adults","volume":"1","author":"Kramer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0503","article-title":"Neuroanatomic overlap of working memory and spatial attention networks: A functional MRI comparison within subjects","volume":"10","author":"LaBar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-011-0108-8","article-title":"Timing of reflexive visuospatial orienting in young, young-old, and old-old adults","volume":"73","author":"Langley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196756","article-title":"The role of working memory in attentional capture","volume":"12","author":"Lavie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049208401865","article-title":"Intermanual differences on skilled and unskilled motor tasks in nonlateralized brain dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R55","first-page":"103","article-title":"Cross-level unification: A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neurotransmitter systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of memory","author":"Li","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01769-1","article-title":"Aging cognition: From neuromodulation to representation","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200208070-00022","article-title":"Covert orienting of visuospatial attention in the early stages of aging","volume":"13","author":"Lorenzo-L\u00f3pez","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/36846","article-title":"The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions","volume":"390","author":"Luck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610371339","article-title":"Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention","volume":"21","author":"MacLean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00478.x","article-title":"Aging and visual attention","volume":"16","author":"Madden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.005","article-title":"Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of visual attention: A combined fMRI and DTI study","volume":"28","author":"Madden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R62","volume-title":"Instruction manual for the adult neuropsychology test battery","author":"Matthews","year":"1964"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P316","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/50B.6.P316","article-title":"Age changes in the distribution of visual attention","volume":"50","author":"McCalley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026705","article-title":"Age, clutter, and competitive selection","volume":"27","author":"McCarley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R65","first-page":"221","article-title":"Attention and aging: A functional perspective","volume-title":"The handbook of aging and cognition","author":"McDowd","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1997.2545","article-title":"Attended and non-attended states in working memory: Accessing categorized structures","volume":"38","author":"McElree","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.04.010","article-title":"Video games for neuro-cognitive optimization","volume":"90","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.034","article-title":"Adaptive training diminishes distractibility in aging across species","volume":"84","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081894","article-title":"Preserved discrimination performance and neural processing during crossmodal attention in aging","volume":"8","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00409","article-title":"A new adaptive videogame for training attention and executive functions: Design principles and initial validation","volume":"5","author":"Montani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2004.10.003","article-title":"Common fronto-parietal activity in attention, memory, and consciousness: Shared demands on integration?","volume":"14","author":"Naghavi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.005","article-title":"Common and distinct neural correlates of perceptual and memorial selection","volume":"45","author":"Nee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/40.2.185","article-title":"Effectiveness of attentional cueing in older and younger adults","volume":"40","author":"Nissen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.1\/dpark","article-title":"The aging mind: Neuroplasticity in response to cognitive training","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/14.2.2","article-title":"Working memory retrieval as a decision process","volume":"14","author":"Pearson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5255-11.2012","article-title":"Examining the expectation deficit in normal aging","volume":"32","author":"Pincham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(94)90004-3","article-title":"The development of selective attention: A life-span overview","volume":"86","author":"Plude","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231","article-title":"Orienting of attention","volume":"32","author":"Posner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.2.218.27241","article-title":"Speed-of-processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance","volume":"45","author":"Roenker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2014.0094","article-title":"Exploring the potential of the iPad and Xbox Kinect for cognitive science research","volume":"4","author":"Rolle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Games for Health Journal"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00288-X","article-title":"Age-related functional field losses are not eccentricity dependent","volume":"36","author":"Seiple","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/036107300243588","article-title":"Effects of aging on the useful field of view","volume":"26","author":"Sekuler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Experimental Aging Research"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.3.000864","article-title":"Visual localization: Age and practice","volume":"3","author":"Sekuler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.068","article-title":"Spatial working memory and spatial attention rely on common neural processes in the intraparietal sulcus","volume":"53","author":"Silk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17606-9","article-title":"Focused and distributed attention","volume":"176","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1","article-title":"Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy","volume":"22","author":"Stanovich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions","volume":"18","author":"Stroop","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00057-X","article-title":"Spatial shifts in visual attention in normal ageing and dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"40","author":"Tales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.01.009","article-title":"Attention training and attention state training","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8","article-title":"Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education","volume":"19","author":"Tombaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280500195250","article-title":"How the deployment of attention determines what we see","volume":"14","author":"Treisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(02)00103-2","article-title":"Spatial attention: Normal processes and their breakdown","volume":"21","author":"Vecera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13257","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2332-14.2015","article-title":"Age-related changes in 1\/f neural electrophysiological noise","volume":"35","author":"Voytek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01124","article-title":"Preparatory encoding of the fine scale of human spatial attention","volume":"29","author":"Voytek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037617","article-title":"External distraction impairs categorization performance in older adults","volume":"29","author":"Wais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R96","first-page":"359","article-title":"Matthew effects in education","volume":"20","author":"Walberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R97","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale\u2014Revised manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"1987"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R98","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2013Fourth Edition (WAIS\u2013IV)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R99","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R100","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test (WRAT4)","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(95)00017-8","article-title":"Electrophysiologic correlates of age effects on visuospatial attention shift","volume":"3","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982\u20131983","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4621-08.2009","article-title":"Neural suppression of irrelevant information underlies optimal working memory performance","volume":"29","author":"Zanto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R104","first-page":"927","article-title":"Attention and ageing","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of attention","author":"Zanto","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.08.003","article-title":"Predictive knowledge of stimulus relevance does not influence top\u2013down suppression of irrelevant information in older adults","volume":"46","author":"Zanto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12461","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1149-11.2011","article-title":"Age-related changes in orienting attention in time","volume":"31","author":"Zanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021104456800_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2009-0495","article-title":"Far transfer in cognitive training of older adults","volume":"27","author":"Zelinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/29\/9\/1483\/1952876\/jocn_a_01159.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/29\/9\/1483\/1952876\/jocn_a_01159.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T02:55:07Z","timestamp":1627700107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/29\/9\/1483\/28691\/Enhancing-Spatial-Attention-and-Working-Memory-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01159","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]}}}