{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:56:59Z","timestamp":1780505819261,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study examined the combined effect of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors in healthy, young adults. Ninety-five participants completed 6 weeks of exercise training, combined exercise and cognitive training, or no training (control). Both the exercise and combined training groups improved performance on a high-interference memory task, whereas the control group did not. In contrast, neither training group improved on general recognition performance, suggesting that exercise training selectively increases high-interference memory that may be linked to hippocampal function. Individuals who experienced greater fitness improvements from the exercise training (i.e., high responders to exercise) also had greater increases in the serum neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1. These high responders to exercise also had better high-interference memory performance as a result of the combined exercise and cognitive training compared with exercise alone, suggesting that potential synergistic effects might depend on the availability of neurotrophic factors. These findings are especially important, as memory benefits accrued from a relatively short intervention in high-functioning young adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T14:30:00Z","timestamp":1499869800000},"page":"1895-1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["The Effects of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Memory and Neurotrophic Factors"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Heisz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana B.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katija","family":"Bonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Paolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadeta","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Fahnestock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021120975700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.04.012","article-title":"Comparing interval and continuous exercise training regimens on neurotrophic factors in rat brain","volume":"147","author":"Afzalpour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.010","article-title":"Resolving new memories: A critical look at the dentate gyrus, adult neurogenesis, and pattern separation","volume":"70","author":"Aimone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248903","article-title":"Hippocampal neurogenesis regulates forgetting during adulthood and infancy","volume":"344","author":"Akers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152882","article-title":"Pattern separation in the human hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus","volume":"319","author":"Bakker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20095","article-title":"A computational principle for hippocampal learning and neurogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R6","article-title":"Neurogenesis and pattern separation: Time for a divorce","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.05.034","article-title":"Impaired long-term memory retention: Common denominator for acutely or genetically reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice","volume":"252","author":"Ben-Abdallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22013","article-title":"Adult-born hippocampal neurons promote cognitive flexibility in mice","volume":"22","author":"Burghardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-08-02926.2000","article-title":"Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain","volume":"20","author":"Carro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05678.2001","article-title":"Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy","volume":"21","author":"Carro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318060111f","article-title":"The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly","volume":"39","author":"Cassilhas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.049","article-title":"A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children","volume":"1358","author":"Chaddock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300358","article-title":"Simulated apoptosis\/neurogenesis regulates learning and memory capabilities of adaptive neural networks","volume":"29","author":"Chambers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173215","article-title":"A functional role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in spatial pattern separation","volume":"325","author":"Clelland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.152","article-title":"Extinction learning and adult neurogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Cleva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02143-4","article-title":"Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.06.011","article-title":"Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Cotman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911725107","article-title":"Running enhances spatial pattern separation in mice","volume":"107","author":"Creer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.027","article-title":"Training your brain: Do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus?","volume":"64","author":"Curlik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00266-1","article-title":"Excitation-neurogenesis coupling in adult neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"42","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2822","article-title":"New neurons and new memories: How does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory?","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000073","article-title":"A role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis at multiple time scales: A study of recent and remote memory in humans","volume":"129","author":"D\u00e9ry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00066","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduces memory interference: Opposing effects of aerobic exercise and depression","volume":"7","author":"D\u00e9ry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163037","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Dinoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20547","article-title":"Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans","volume":"19","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708090152","article-title":"Walking and talking therapy: Improving cognitive\u2013motor dual-tasking in neurological illness","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R28","first-page":"2","article-title":"Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice","volume":"3","author":"Fabel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33735","article-title":"Improvement of cognitive function by mental and\/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"23","author":"Fabre","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.11.44","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: The link between amyloid-\u03b2 and memory loss","volume":"6","author":"Fahnestock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Neurology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.019","article-title":"BDNF increases with behavioral enrichment and an antioxidant diet in the aged dog","volume":"33","author":"Fahnestock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00136","article-title":"Neurogenesis paradoxically decreases both pattern separation and memory interference","volume":"9","author":"Finnegan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005464","article-title":"Adult-generated hippocampal neurons allow the flexible use of spatially precise learning strategies","volume":"4","author":"Garthe","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.6.1385","article-title":"Localization of function within the dorsal hippocampus: The role of the CA3 subregion in paired-associate learning","volume":"117","author":"Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.035","article-title":"Stress and binge drinking: A toxic combination for the teenage brain","volume":"90","author":"Goldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.10.010","article-title":"Yoga practice improves executive function by attenuating stress levels","volume":"121","author":"Gothe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/6365","article-title":"Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation","volume":"2","author":"Gould","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02492.1997","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation","volume":"17","author":"Gould","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.06.005","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males","volume":"104","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.1999.00157.x","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour cortisol response to multiple daily exercise sessions of moderate and high intensity","volume":"19","author":"Hackney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Physiology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00725","article-title":"Age-related shift in neural complexity related to task performance and physical activity","volume":"27","author":"Heisz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0168534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168534","article-title":"Enjoyment for high-intensity interval exercise increases during the first six weeks of training: Implications for promoting exercise adherence in sedentary adults","volume":"11","author":"Heisz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000046","article-title":"Age differences in the association of physical activity, sociocognitive engagement, and TV viewing on face memory","volume":"34","author":"Heisz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2298","article-title":"Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition","volume":"9","author":"Hillman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.021","article-title":"Cardiovascular fitness modulates brain activation associated with spatial learning","volume":"59","author":"Holzschneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12069","article-title":"The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20455","article-title":"Evaluating the differential roles of the dorsal dentate gyrus, dorsal CA3, and dorsal CA1 during a temporal ordering for spatial locations task","volume":"18","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103228108","article-title":"Short- and long-term benefits of cognitive training","volume":"108","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-013-0364-z","article-title":"The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer","volume":"42","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.01.006","article-title":"Loss of hippocampal neurogenesis, increased novelty-induced activity, decreased home cage activity, and impaired reversal learning one year after irradiation of the young mouse brain","volume":"247","author":"Kalm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.004","article-title":"The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8696","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1692-12.2012","article-title":"NR2B-dependent plasticity of adult-born granule cells is necessary for context discrimination","volume":"32","author":"Kheirbek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.663507","article-title":"Overcoming interference: An fMRI investigation of pattern separation in the medial temporal lobe","volume":"14","author":"Kirwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2165\/11534530-000000000-00000","article-title":"Neuroplasticity\u2014Exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"40","author":"Knaepen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-06-02027.1996","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: Age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation","volume":"16","author":"Kuhn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.008","article-title":"Effects of combined cognitive and exercise interventions on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1123\/JAPA.2012-0149","article-title":"Single versus combined cognitive and physical activity effects on fluid cognitive abilities of healthy older adults: A 4-month randomized controlled trial with follow-up","volume":"22","author":"Linde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Physical Activity"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.055616","article-title":"Exercise and cognition in older adults: Is there a role for resistance training programmes?","volume":"43","author":"Liu-Ambrose","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.494","article-title":"Resistance training and executive functions: A 12-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"170","author":"Liu-Ambrose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2014.0091","article-title":"Hatha yoga and executive function: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Luu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028252","article-title":"The role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in reducing interference","volume":"126","author":"Luu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084","article-title":"Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults","volume":"131","author":"Maass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.114","article-title":"Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Maass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/531S10a","article-title":"Brain training: Memory games","volume":"531","author":"Makin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214956","article-title":"Unique processing during a period of high excitation\/inhibition balance in adult-born neurons","volume":"335","author":"Mar\u00edn-Burgin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00126.2015","article-title":"High-intensity interval training evokes larger serum BDNF levels compared with intense continuous exercise","volume":"119","author":"Marquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.021","article-title":"Increased pattern separation in the aged fascia dentata","volume":"32","author":"Marrone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037363","article-title":"Effects of cognitive training with and without aerobic exercise on cognitively demanding everyday activities","volume":"29","author":"McDaniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006","article-title":"Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain","volume":"87","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028228","article-title":"Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review","volume":"49","author":"Melby-Lerv\u00e5g","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22023","article-title":"Aerobic fitness enhances relational memory in preadolescent children: The FITKids randomized control trial","volume":"22","author":"Monti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.046","article-title":"Young dentate granule cells mediate pattern separation, whereas old granule cells facilitate pattern completion","volume":"149","author":"Nakashiba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2261","article-title":"Suppression of adult neurogenesis impairs population coding of similar contexts in hippocampal CA3 region","volume":"3","author":"Niibori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01214.x","article-title":"Binge ethanol exposure decreases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus","volume":"83","author":"Nixon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4256-09.2010","article-title":"Reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis confers vulnerability in an animal model of cocaine addiction","volume":"30","author":"Noonan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-7-23","article-title":"Protocol for fit bodies, fine minds: A randomized controlled trial on the affect of exercise and cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults","volume":"7","author":"O'Dwyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1165","article-title":"Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory","volume":"7","author":"Olesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00146","article-title":"The hippocampus supports multiple cognitive processes through relational binding and comparison","volume":"6","author":"Olsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20157","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways","volume":"16","author":"Olson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09042","article-title":"Putting brain training to the test","volume":"465","author":"Owen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6076-11.2012","article-title":"Inhibition of adult neurogenesis by inducible and targeted deletion of ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinase specifically in adult neurogenic regions impairs contextual fear extinction and remote fear memory","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611721104","article-title":"An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus","volume":"104","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00074","article-title":"The mechanisms for pattern completion and pattern separation in the hippocampus","volume":"7","author":"Rolls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09817","article-title":"Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation","volume":"472","author":"Sahay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22669","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and physical exercise revert behavioral and electrophysiological impairments caused by reduced adult neurogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Sakalem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19970515)48:4<334::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and trkB but not NT-3 and trkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus","volume":"48","author":"Schaaf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.114","article-title":"Peripheral BDNF produces antidepressant-like effects in cellular and behavioral models","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02553","article-title":"Enhanced synaptic plasticity in newly generated granule cells of the adult hippocampus","volume":"429","author":"Schmidt-Hieber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.08.016","article-title":"A possible negative influence of depression on the ability to overcome memory interference","volume":"256","author":"Shelton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/35066584","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories","volume":"410","author":"Shors","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.05.034","article-title":"Age-specific effects of voluntary exercise on memory and the older brain","volume":"73","author":"Siette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.10.009","article-title":"A role for adult neurogenesis in spatial long-term memory","volume":"130","author":"Snyder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.6.2423","article-title":"Effects of adult neurogenesis on synaptic plasticity in the rat dentate gyrus","volume":"85","author":"Snyder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7427(03)00022-4","article-title":"Involvement of the hippocampal CA3-region in acquisition and in memory consolidation of spatial but not in object information in mice","volume":"80","author":"Stupien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1315109","article-title":"Visual object pattern separation deficits in nondemented older adults","volume":"16","author":"Toner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01628.2001","article-title":"Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus","volume":"21","author":"Trejo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/6368","article-title":"Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"2","author":"Van Praag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x","article-title":"Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Vaynman","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.08.001","article-title":"Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity","volume":"17","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4695(20000205)42:2<248::AID-NEU8>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Heterogenous properties of dentate granule neurons in the adult rat","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318270b381","article-title":"Aerobic fitness affects cortisol responses to concurrent challenges","volume":"45","author":"Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.05.001","article-title":"A putative role for neurogenesis in neurocomputational terms: Inferences from a hippocampal model","volume":"112","author":"Weisz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.07.002","article-title":"Neurogenesis interferes with the retrieval of remote memories: Forgetting in neurocomputational terms","volume":"125","author":"Weisz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.049","article-title":"Entorhinal volume, aerobic fitness, and recognition memory in healthy young adults: A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"126","author":"Whiteman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.11.023","article-title":"Interaction between serum BDNF and aerobic fitness predicts recognition memory in healthy young adults","volume":"259","author":"Whiteman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.05.032","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and memory interference","volume":"227","author":"Winocur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06128.x","article-title":"The effects of running and of inhibiting adult neurogenesis on learning and memory in rats","volume":"27","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021073021120975700_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.006","article-title":"Pattern separation in the hippocampus","volume":"34","author":"Yassa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/29\/11\/1895\/1953029\/jocn_a_01164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/29\/11\/1895\/1953029\/jocn_a_01164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T03:00:29Z","timestamp":1627700429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/29\/11\/1895\/28719\/The-Effects-of-Physical-Exercise-and-Cognitive"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01164","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}}}