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First, we replicated our recent findings that the centroparietal P3 component of the EEG\u2014an index of phasic catecholamine release in the cortex\u2014predicts trial-to-trial variability in learning rate and mediates the effects of surprise and belief uncertainty on learning rate (Study 1, n = 17). Second, we found that pharmacological suppression of either norepinephrine or acetylcholine activity produced baseline-dependent effects on learning rate following nonobvious changes in an outcome-generating process (Study 1). Third, we identified two genes, coding for \u03b12A receptor sensitivity ( ADRA2A) and norepinephrine reuptake ( NET), as promising targets for future research on the genetic basis of individual differences in learning rate (Study 2, n = 137). Our findings suggest a role for the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems in belief updating and underline the importance of studying interactions between different neuromodulatory systems. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T14:39:56Z","timestamp":1533047996000},"page":"1803-1820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Modulation of Belief Updating"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Marieke","family":"Jepma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University"},{"name":"University of Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B. R. 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