{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:00:46Z","timestamp":1772164846685,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Throughout the brain, information from individual sources converges onto higher order neurons. For example, information from the two eyes first converges in binocular neurons in area V1. Some neurons are tuned to similarities between sources of information, which makes intuitive sense in a system striving to match multiple sensory signals to a single external cause\u2014that is, establish causal inference. However, there are also neurons that are tuned to dissimilar information. In particular, some binocular neurons respond maximally to a dark feature in one eye and a light feature in the other. Despite compelling neurophysiological and behavioral evidence supporting the existence of these neurons [Katyal, S., Vergeer, M., He, S., He, B., &amp; Engel, S. A. Conflict-sensitive neurons gate interocular suppression in human visual cortex. Scientific Reports, 8, 1239, 2018; Kingdom, F. A. A., Jennings, B. J., &amp; Georgeson, M. A. Adaptation to interocular difference. Journal of Vision, 18, 9, 2018; Janssen, P., Vogels, R., Liu, Y., &amp; Orban, G. A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved. Neuron, 37, 693\u2013701, 2003; Tsao, D. Y., Conway, B. R., &amp; Livingstone, M. S. Receptive fields of disparity-tuned simple cells in macaque V1. Neuron, 38, 103\u2013114, 2003; Cumming, B. G., &amp; Parker, A. J. Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature, 389, 280\u2013283, 1997], their function has remained opaque. To determine how neural mechanisms tuned to dissimilarities support perception, here we use electroencephalography to measure human observers' steady-state visually evoked potentials in response to change in depth after prolonged viewing of anticorrelated and correlated random-dot stereograms (RDS). We find that adaptation to anticorrelated RDS results in larger steady-state visually evoked potentials, whereas adaptation to correlated RDS has no effect. These results are consistent with recent theoretical work suggesting \u201cwhat not\u201d neurons play a suppressive role in supporting stereopsis [Goncalves, N. R., &amp; Welchman, A. E. \u201cWhat not\u201d detectors help the brain see in depth. Current Biology, 27, 1403\u20131412, 2017]; that is, selective adaptation of neurons tuned to binocular mismatches reduces suppression resulting in increased neural excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T11:20:46Z","timestamp":1569583246000},"page":"100-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Adaptation to Binocular Anticorrelation Results in Increased Neural Excitability"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Reuben","family":"Rideaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Welchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ales,  J. M., & Norcia,  A. M. (2009). Assessing direction-specific adaptation using the steady-state visual evoked potential: Results from EEG source imaging. Journal of Vision, 9, 8.","DOI":"10.1167\/9.7.8"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braddick,  O., Atkinson,  J., Julesz,  B., Kropfl,  W., Bodis-Wollner,  I., & Raab,  E. (1980). Cortical binocularity in infants. Nature, 288, 363\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1038\/288363a0"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brainard,  D. H.\n           (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433\u2013436.","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelissen,  F. W., Peters,  E. M., & Palmer,  J. (2002). The Eyelink toolbox: Eye tracking with MATLAB and the Psychophysics toolbox. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 34, 613\u2013617.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195489"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottereau,  B. R., McKee,  S. P., Ales,  J. M., & Norcia,  A. M. (2011). Disparity-tuned population responses from human visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 954\u2013965.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3795-10.2011"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottereau,  B. R., McKee,  S. P., Ales,  J. M., & Norcia,  A. M. (2012). Disparity-Specific Spatial Interactions: Evidence from EEG Source Imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 826\u2013840.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2709-11.2012"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottereau,  B. R., McKee,  S. P., & Norcia,  A. M. (2012). Bridging the gap: Global disparity processing in the human visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 107, 2421\u20132429.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01051.2011"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cumming,  B. G., & Parker,  A. J. (1997). Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature, 389, 280\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1038\/38487"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeAngelis,  G. C., Ohzawa,  I., & Freeman,  R. D. (1991). Depth is encoded in the visual cortex by a specialized receptive field structure. Nature, 352, 156\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1038\/352156a0"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delorme,  A., & Makeig,  S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleet,  D. J., Wagner,  H., & Heeger,  D. J. (1996). Neural encoding of binocular disparity: Energy models, positionshifts and phase shifts. Vision Research, 36, 1839\u20131857.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00313-4"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franconeri,  S. L., & Simons,  D. J. (2003). Moving and looming stimuli capture attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 999\u20131010.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194829"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncalves,  N. R., & Welchman,  A. E. (2017). \u201cWhat not\u201d detectors help the brain see in depth. Current Biology, 27, 1403\u20131412.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.074"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu,  Y., Angelaki,  D. E., & DeAngelis,  G. C. (2008). Neural correlates of multisensory cue integration in macaque MSTd. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 1201\u20131210.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2191"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haider,  M., Spong,  P., & Lindsley,  D. B. (1964). Attention, vigilance, and cortical evoked-potentials in humans. Science, 145, 180\u2013182.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3628.180"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinze,  H. J., Mangun,  G. R., Burchert,  W., Hinrichs,  H., Scholz,  M., M\u00fcnte,  T. F., et al (1994). Combined spatial and temporal imaging of brain activity during visual selective attention in humans. Nature, 372, 543\u2013546.","DOI":"10.1038\/372543a0"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillyard,  S. A., & Anllo-Vento,  L. (2002). Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 95, 781\u2013787.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.781"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen,  P., Vogels,  R., Liu,  Y., & Orban,  G. A. (2003). At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved. Neuron, 37, 693\u2013701.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00023-0"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julesz,  B., & Chang,  J. J. (1976). Interaction between pools of binocular disparity detectors tuned to different disparities. Biological Cybernetics, 22, 107\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00320135"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katyal,  S., Vergeer,  M., He,  S., He,  B., & Engel,  S. A. (2018). Conflict-sensitive neurons gate interocular suppression in human visual cortex. Scientific Reports, 8, 1239.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19809-w"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim,  H. R., Angelaki,  D. E., & Deangelis,  G. C. (2015). A novel role for visual perspective cues in the neural computation of depth. Nature Neuroscience, 18, 129\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3889"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim,  H. R., Pitkow,  X., Angelaki,  D. E., & DeAngelis,  G. C. (2016). A simple approach to ignoring irrelevant variables by population decoding based on multisensory neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 116, 1449\u20131467.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00005.2016"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingdom,  F. A. A., Jennings,  B. J., & Georgeson,  M. A. (2018). Adaptation to interocular difference. Journal of Vision, 18, 9.","DOI":"10.1167\/18.5.9"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marr,  D., & Poggio,  T. (1976). Cooperative computation of stereo disparity. Science, 194, 283\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.968482"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan,  M. L., DeAngelis,  G. C., & Angelaki,  D. E. (2008). Multisensory integration in macaque visual cortex depends on cue reliability. Neuron, 59, 662\u2013673.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.024"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadler,  J. W., Barbash,  D., Kim,  H. R. R., Shimpi,  S., Angelaki,  D. E., & DeAngelis,  G. C. (2013). Joint representation of depth from motion parallax and binocular disparity cues in macaque area MT. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 14061\u201314074.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0251-13.2013"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohzawa,  I., DeAngelis,  G., & Freeman,  R. (1990). Stereoscopic depth discrimination in the visual cortex: Neurons ideally suited as disparity detectors. Science, 249, 1037\u20131041.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2396096"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelli,  D. G.\n           (1997). The Videotoolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437\u2013442.","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrig,  B., Julesz,  B., Kropfl,  W., Baumgartner,  G., & Anliker,  M. (1981). Development of stereopsis and cortical binocularity in human infants: Electrophysiological evidence. Science, 213, 1402\u20131405.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7268443"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polich,  J.\n           (1986). Attention, probability, and task demands as determinants of P300 latency from auditory stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 63, 251\u2013259.","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(86)90093-3"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston,  T. J., Li,  S., Kourtzi,  Z., & Welchman,  A. E. (2008). Multivoxel pattern selectivity for perceptually relevant binocular disparities in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 11315\u201311327.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2728-08.2008"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince,  S. J., Cumming,  B. G., & Parker,  A. J. (2002). Range and mechanism of encoding of horizontal disparity in macaque V1. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87, 209\u2013221.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00466.2000"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Read,  J. C., & Cumming,  B. G. (2007). Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence problem. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1322\u20131328.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1951"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rideaux,  R., & Welchman,  A. E. (2018). Proscription supports robust perceptual integration by suppression in human visual cortex. Nature Communications, 9, 1502.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03400-y"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said,  C. P., & Heeger,  D. J. (2013). A model of binocular rivalry and cross-orientation suppression. PLOS Computational Biology, 9, e1002991.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002991"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsao,  D. Y., Conway,  B. R., & Livingstone,  M. S. (2003). Receptive fields of disparity-tuned simple cells in macaque V1. Neuron, 38, 103\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00150-8"},{"key":"2021072107050601600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Voorhis,  S., & Hillyard,  S. A. (1977). Visual evoked potentials and selective attention to points in space. Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 54\u201362.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206080"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/32\/1\/100\/1861419\/jocn_a_01471.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/32\/1\/100\/1861419\/jocn_a_01471.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T03:07:04Z","timestamp":1626836824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/32\/1\/100\/95405\/Adaptation-to-Binocular-Anticorrelation-Results-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01471","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/549949","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}}}