{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:04:42Z","timestamp":1787321082318,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Theta (2\u20138 Hz), alpha (8\u201312 Hz), beta (12\u201335 Hz), and gamma (&amp;gt;35 Hz) rhythms are ubiquitous in the cortex. However, there is little understanding of whether they have similar properties and functions in different cortical areas because they have rarely been compared across them. We record neuronal spikes and local field potentials simultaneously at several levels of the cortical hierarchy in monkeys. Theta, alpha, beta, and gamma oscillations had similar relationships to spiking activity in visual, parietal, and prefrontal cortices. However, the frequencies in all bands increased up the cortical hierarchy. These results suggest that these rhythms have similar inhibitory and excitatory functions across the cortex. We discuss how the increase in frequencies up the cortical hierarchy may help sculpt cortical flow and processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T09:12:36Z","timestamp":1592903556000},"page":"2024-2035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Preservation and Changes in Oscillatory Dynamics across the Cortical Hierarchy"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Mikael","family":"Lundqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Stockholm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Earl K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos,  A. M., Loonis,  R., Kornblith,  S., Lundqvist,  M., & Miller,  E. K. (2018). Laminar recordings in frontal cortex suggest distinct layers for maintenance and control of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 115, 1117\u20131122.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710323115"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos,  A. M., Vezoli,  J., Bosman,  C. A., Schoffelen,  J.-M., Oostenveld,  R., Dowdall,  J. R., et al (2015). Visual areas exert feedforward and feedback influences through distinct frequency channels. Neuron, 85, 390\u2013401.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.018"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger,  H.\n           (1929). \u00dcber das elektroenkephalogramm des menschen. Archiv f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 87, 527\u2013570.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797193"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollimunta,  A., Mo,  J., Schroeder,  C. E., & Ding,  M. (2011). Neuronal mechanisms and attentional modulation of corticothalamic alpha oscillations. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 4935\u20134943.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5580-10.2011"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosman,  C. A., Schoffelen,  J.-M., Brunet,  N., Oostenveld,  R., Bastos,  A. M., Womelsdorf,  T., et al (2012). Attentional stimulus selection through selective synchronization between monkey visual areas. Neuron, 75, 875\u2013888.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.037"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brovelli,  A., Ding,  M., Ledberg,  A., Chen,  Y., Nakamura,  R., & Bressler,  S. L. (2004). Beta oscillations in a large-scale sensorimotor cortical network: Directional influences revealed by Granger causality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 101, 9849\u20139854.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308538101"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunel,  N., & Wang,  X.-J. (2003). What determines the frequency of fast network oscillations with irregular neural discharges? I. Synaptic dynamics and excitation-inhibition balance. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 415\u2013430.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01095.2002"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buffalo,  E. A., Fries,  P., Landman,  R., Buschman,  T. J., & Desimone,  R. (2011). Laminar differences in gamma and alpha coherence in the ventral stream. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 108, 11262\u201311267.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011284108"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buschman,  T. J., & Miller,  E. K. (2007). Top\u2013down versus bottom\u2013up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science, 315, 1860\u20131862.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138071"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buschman,  T. J., & Miller,  E. K. (2010). Shifting the spotlight of attention: Evidence for discrete computations in cognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 194.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00194"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canolty,  R. T., Edwards,  E., Dalal,  S. S., Soltani,  M., Nagarajan,  S. S., Kirsch,  H. E., et al (2006). High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex. Science, 313, 1626\u20131628.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128115"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri,  R., Knoblauch,  K., Gariel,  M.-A., Kennedy,  H., & Wang,  X.-J. (2015). A large-scale circuit mechanism for hierarchical dynamical processing in the primate cortex. Neuron, 88, 419\u2013431.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.008"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheyne,  D., Bells,  S., Ferrari,  P., Gaetz,  W., & Bostan,  A. C. (2008). Self-paced movements induce high-frequency gamma oscillations in primary motor cortex. Neuroimage, 42, 332\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.178"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisch,  L., Privman,  E., Ramot,  M., Harel,  M., Nir,  Y., Kipervasser,  S., et al (2009). Neural \u201cignition\u201d: Enhanced activation linked to perceptual awareness in human ventral stream visual cortex. Neuron, 64, 562\u2013574.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.11.001"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fries,  P., Reynolds,  J. H., Rorie,  A. E., & Desimone,  R. (2001). Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science, 291, 1560\u20131563.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1055465"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gevins,  A., Smith,  M. E., McEvoy,  L., & Yu,  D. (1997). High-resolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory: Effects of task difficulty, type of processing, and practice. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 374\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.4.374"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray,  C. M., Engel,  A. K., K\u00f6nig,  P., & Singer,  W. (1990). Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations in cat visual cortex: Receptive field properties and feature dependence. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2, 607\u2013619.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00450.x"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haegens,  S., N\u00e1cher,  V., Luna,  R., Romo,  R., & Jensen,  O. (2011). \u03b1-oscillations in the monkey sensorimotor network influence discrimination performance by rhythmical inhibition of neuronal spiking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 108, 19377\u201319382.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117190108"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hari,  R., Salmelin,  R., M\u00e4kel\u00e4,  J. P., Salenius,  S., & Helle,  M. (1997). Magnetoencephalographic cortical rhythms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 26, 51\u201362.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(97)00755-1"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussar,  C., & Pasternak,  T. (2010). Trial-to-trial variability of the prefrontal neurons reveals the nature of their engagement in a motion discrimination task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 107, 21842\u201321847.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009956107"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokisch,  D., & Jensen,  O. (2007). Modulation of gamma and alpha activity during a working memory task engaging the dorsal or ventral stream. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 3244\u20133251.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5399-06.2007"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimesch,  W., Doppelmayr,  M., Russegger,  H., Pachinger,  T., & Schwaiger,  J. (1998). Induced alpha band power changes in the human EEG and attention. Neuroscience Letters, 244, 73\u201376.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00122-0"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimesch,  W., Sauseng,  P., & Hanslmayr,  S. (2007). EEG alpha oscillations: The inhibition\u2013timing hypothesis. Brain Research Reviews, 53, 63\u201388.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundqvist,  M., Herman,  P., Palva,  M., Palva,  S., Silverstein,  D., & Lansner,  A. (2013). Stimulus detection rate and latency, firing rates and 1\u201340 Hz oscillatory power are modulated by infra-slow fluctuations in a bistable attractor network model. Neuroimage, 83, 458\u2013471.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.080"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundqvist,  M., Herman,  P., Warden,  M. R., Brincat,  S. L., & Miller,  E. K. (2018). Gamma and beta bursts during working memory readout suggest roles in its volitional control. Nature Communications, 9, 394.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02791-8"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundqvist,  M., Rose,  J., Herman,  P., Brincat,  S. L., Buschman,  T. J., & Miller,  E. K. (2016). Gamma and beta bursts underlie working memory. Neuron, 90, 152\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.028"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray,  J. D., Bernacchia,  A., Freedman,  D. J., Romo,  R., Wallis,  J. D., Cai,  X., et al (2014). A hierarchy of intrinsic timescales across primate cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 1661\u20131663.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3862"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olejnik,  S., & Algina,  J. (2003). Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: Measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychological Methods, 8, 434\u2013447.","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.4.434"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osipova,  D., Hermes,  D., & Jensen,  O. (2008). Gamma power is phase-locked to posterior alpha activity. PLoS One, 3, e3990.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003990"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller,  G., & Aranibar,  A. (1977). Event-related cortical desynchronization detected by power measurements of scalp EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 42, 817\u2013826.","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(77)90235-8"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller,  G., Stanc\u00e1k,  A., Jr., & Neuper,  C. (1996). Post-movement beta synchronization. A correlate of an idling motor area?Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 98, 281\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(95)00258-8"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohenkohl,  G., & Nobre,  A. C. (2011). Alpha oscillations related to anticipatory attention follow temporal expectations. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 14076\u201314084.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3387-11.2011"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samaha,  J., & Postle,  B. R. (2015). The speed of alpha-band oscillations predicts the temporal resolution of visual perception. Current Biology, 25, 2985\u20132990.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.007"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt,  R., Ruiz,  M. H., Kilavik,  B. E., Lundqvist,  M., Starr,  P. A., & Aron,  A. R. (2019). Beta oscillations in working memory, executive control of movement and thought, and sensorimotor function. Journal of Neuroscience, 39, 8231\u20138238.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-19.2019"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder,  C. E., & Lakatos,  P. (2009). Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection. Trends in Neurosciences, 32, 9\u201318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.09.012"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaak,  E., Bonnefond,  M., Maier,  A., Leopold,  D. A., & Jensen,  O. (2012). Layer-specific entrainment of \u03b3-band neural activity by the \u03b1 rhythm in monkey visual cortex. Current Biology, 22, 2313\u20132318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.10.020"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tort,  A. B. L., Komorowski,  R. W., Manns,  J. R., Kopell,  N. J., & Eichenbaum,  H. (2009). Theta\u2013gamma coupling increases during the learning of item\u2013context associations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 106, 20942\u201320947.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911331106"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Ede,  F., de Lange,  F., Jensen,  O., & Maris,  E. (2011). Orienting attention to an upcoming tactile event involves a spatially and temporally specific modulation of sensorimotor alpha- and beta-band oscillations. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 2016\u20132024.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5630-10.2011"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Kerkoerle,  T., Self,  M. W., Dagnino,  B., Gariel-Mathis,  M.-A., Poort,  J., van der Togt,  C., et al (2014). Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 111, 14332\u201314341.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402773111"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanRullen,  R., & Koch,  C. (2003). Is perception discrete or continuous?Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 207\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00095-0"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voytek,  B., Canolty,  R. T., Shestyuk,  A., Crone,  N. E., Parvizi,  J., & Knight,  R. T. (2010). Shifts in gamma phase\u2013amplitude coupling frequency from theta to alpha over posterior cortex during visual tasks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 191.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00191"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worden,  M. S., Foxe,  J. J., Wang,  N., & Simpson,  G. V. (2000). Anticipatory biasing of visuospatial attention indexed by retinotopically specific \u03b1-bank electroencephalography increases over occipital cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, RC63.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-06-j0002.2000"},{"key":"2022042815323385300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wutz,  A., Melcher,  D., & Samaha,  J. (2018). Frequency modulation of neural oscillations according to visual task demands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 115, 1346\u20131351.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713318115"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/32\/10\/2024\/2013924\/jocn_a_01600.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/32\/10\/2024\/2013924\/jocn_a_01600.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T20:57:00Z","timestamp":1651179420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/32\/10\/2024\/95473\/Preservation-and-Changes-in-Oscillatory-Dynamics"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01600","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.02.03.932533","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}}}