{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:30:27Z","timestamp":1778509827326,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A set of assertions is consistent provided they can all be true at the same time. Naive individuals could prove consistency using the formal rules of a logical calculus, but it calls for them to fail to prove the negation of one assertion from the remainder in the set. An alternative procedure is for them to use an intuitive system (System 1) to construct a mental model of all the assertions. The task should be easy in this case. However, some sets of consistent assertions have no intuitive models and call for a deliberative system (System 2) to construct an alternative model. Formal rules and mental models therefore make different predictions. We report three experiments that tested their respective merits. The participants assessed the consistency of temporal descriptions based on statements using \u201cduring\u201d and \u201cbefore.\u201d They were more accurate for consistent problems with intuitive models than for those that called for deliberative models. There was no robust difference in accuracy between consistent and inconsistent problems. The results therefore corroborated the model theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T12:51:36Z","timestamp":1597841496000},"page":"2103-2116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Reasoning about Durations"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Laura Jane","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangeet","family":"Khemlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. N.","family":"Johnson-Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University"},{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042815325638800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen,  J. F.\n           (1983). Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26, 832\u2013843. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/182.358434","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434"},{"key":"2022042815325638800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen,  J. F.\n           (1991). Time and time again: The many ways to represent time. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 6, 341\u2013355. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/int.4550060403","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550060403"},{"key":"2022042815325638800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baguley,  T., & Payne,  S. J. (2000). 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