{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:54:58Z","timestamp":1778068498636,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The human thalamus has been suggested to be involved in executive function, based on animal studies and correlational evidence from functional neuroimaging in humans. Human lesion studies, examining behavioral deficits associated with focal brain injuries, can directly test the necessity of the human thalamus for executive function. The goal of our study was to determine the specific lesion location within the thalamus as well as the potential disruption of specific thalamocortical functional networks, related to executive dysfunction. We assessed executive function in 15 patients with focal thalamic lesions and 34 comparison patients with lesions that spared the thalamus. We found that patients with mediodorsal thalamic lesions exhibited more severe impairment in executive function when compared to both patients with thalamic lesions that spared the mediodorsal nucleus and to comparison patients with lesions outside the thalamus. Furthermore, we employed a lesion network mapping approach to map cortical regions that show strong functional connectivity with the lesioned thalamic subregions in the normative functional connectome. We found that thalamic lesion sites associated with more severe deficits in executive function showed stronger functional connectivity with ACC, dorsomedial PFC, and frontoparietal network, compared to thalamic lesions not associated with executive dysfunction. These are brain regions and functional networks whose dysfunction could contribute to impaired executive functioning. In aggregate, our findings provide new evidence that delineates a thalamocortical network for executive function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T13:34:01Z","timestamp":1599658441000},"page":"2303-2319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Network Localization of Executive Function Deficits in Patients with Focal Thalamic Lesions"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iowa"},{"name":"The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bruss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iowa"},{"name":"The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Tranel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iowa"},{"name":"The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Boes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iowa"},{"name":"The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albazron,  F. M., Bruss,  J., Jones,  R. M., Yock,  T. I., Pulsifer,  M. B., Cohen,  A. L., et al (2019). Pediatric postoperative cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome follows outflow pathway lesions. Neurology, 93, e1561\u2013e1571. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008326, PMID:31527284","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008326"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander,  G. E., DeLong,  M. R., & Strick,  P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357\u2013381. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041, PMID:3085570","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson,  S. W., Damasio,  H., Jones,  R. D., & Tranel,  D. (1991). Wisconsin card sorting test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 909\u2013922. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639108405107, PMID:1779030","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108405107"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avants,  B. B., Tustison,  N., & Song,  G. (2009). Advanced normalization tools (ANTS). Insight Journal, 2, 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.54294\/uvnhin"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badre,  D., Hoffman,  J., Cooney,  J. W., & D'Esposito,  M. (2009). Hierarchical cognitive control deficits following damage to the human frontal lobe. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 515\u2013522. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2277, PMID:19252496, PMCID:PMC2990342","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2277"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behzadi,  Y., Restom,  K., Liau,  J., & Liu,  T. T. (2007). A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI. Neuroimage, 37, 90\u2013101. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042, PMID:17560126, PMCID:PMC2214855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boes,  A. D., Prasad,  S., Liu,  H., Liu,  Q., Pascual-Leone,  A., Caviness,  V. S., Jr., et al (2015). Network localization of neurological symptoms from focal brain lesions. Brain, 138, 3061\u20133075. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awv228, PMID:26264514, PMCID:PMC4671478","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv228"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowie,  C. R., & Harvey,  P. D. (2006). Administration and interpretation of the trail making test. Nature Protocols, 1, 2277\u20132281. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2006.390, PMID:17406468","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowling,  J. T., Friston,  K. J., & Hopfinger,  J. B. (2020). Top\u2013down versus bottom\u2013up attention differentially modulate frontal\u2013parietal connectivity. Human Brain Mapping, 41, 928\u2013942. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24850, PMID:31692192, PMCID:PMC7267915","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24850"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brett,  M., Leff,  A. P., Rorden,  C., & Ashburner,  J. (2001). Spatial normalization of brain images with focal lesions using cost function masking. Neuroimage, 14, 486\u2013500. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2001.0845, PMID:11467921","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0845"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrera,  E., & Tononi,  G. (2014). Diaschisis: Past, present, future. Brain, 137, 2408\u20132422. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436078.95856.56, PMID:24142476","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu101"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Child,  N. D., & Benarroch,  E. E. (2013). Anterior nucleus of the thalamus: Functional organization and clinical implications. Neurology, 81, 1869\u20131876. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436078.95856.56","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436078.95856.56"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole,  M. W., Reynolds,  J. R., Power,  J. D., Repovs,  G., Anticevic,  A., & Braver,  T. S. (2013). Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 1348\u20131355. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3470, PMID:23892552, PMCID:PMC3758404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3470"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole,  M. W., & Schneider,  W. (2007). The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage, 37, 343\u2013360. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.071, PMID:17553704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.071"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbetta,  M., & Shulman,  G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201\u2013215. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn755, PMID:11994752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox,  R. W., Chen,  G., Glen,  D. R., Reynolds,  R. C., & Taylor,  P. A. (2017). fMRI clustering in AFNI: False-positive rates redux. Brain Connectivity, 7, 152\u2013171. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2016.0475, PMID:28398812, PMCID:PMC5399747","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2016.0475"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crosson,  B., Parker,  J. C., Kim,  A. K., Warren,  R. L., Kepes,  J. J., & Tully,  R. (1986). A case of thalamic aphasia with postmortem verification. Brain and Language, 29, 301\u2013314. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90050-7","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90050-7"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowe,  S. F.\n           (1998). The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on parts A and B of the trail making test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 585\u2013591. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199808)54:5&lt;585::AID-JCLP4&gt;3.0.CO;2-K","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199808)54:5<585::AID-JCLP4>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Bourbon-Teles,  J., Bentley,  P., Koshino,  S., Shah,  K., Dutta,  A., Malhotra,  P., et al (2014). Thalamic control of human attention driven by memory and learning. Current Biology, 24, 993\u2013999. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.024, PMID:24746799, PMCID:PMC4012133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.024"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehaene,  S., & Changeux,  J. P. (1991). The Wisconsin card sorting test: Theoretical analysis and modeling in a neuronal network. Cerebral Cortex, 1, 62\u201379. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.62, PMID:1822726","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.62"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desikan,  R. S., S\u00e9gonne,  F., Fischl,  B., Quinn,  B. T., Dickerson,  B. C., Blacker,  D., et al (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage, 31, 968\u2013980. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021, PMID:16530430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosenbach,  N. U. F., Fair,  D. A., Miezin,  F. M., Cohen,  A. L., Wenger,  K. K., Dosenbach,  R. A. T., et al (2007). Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 104, 11073\u201311078. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0704320104, PMID:17576922, PMCID:PMC1904171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704320104"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonov,  V. S., Evans,  A. C., McKinstry,  R. C., Almli,  C. R., & Collins,  D. L. (2009). Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood. Neuroimage, 47(Suppl. 1), S102. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70884-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70884-5"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox,  M. D., Corbetta,  M., Snyder,  A. Z., Vincent,  J. L., & Raichle,  M. E. (2006). Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 103, 10046\u201310051. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0604187103, PMID:16788060, PMCID:PMC1480402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604187103"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuster,  J. M., & Alexander,  G. E. (1971). Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science, 173, 652\u2013654. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.173.3997.652, PMID:4998337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3997.652"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giguere,  M., & Goldman-Rakic,  P. S. (1988). Mediodorsal nucleus: Areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 277, 195\u2013213. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902770204, PMID:2466057","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902770204"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gl\u00e4scher,  J., Adolphs,  R., Damasio,  H., Bechara,  A., Rudrauf,  D., Calamia,  M., et al (2012). Lesion mapping of cognitive control and value-based decision making in the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 109, 14681\u201314686. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902770204, PMID:2466057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206608109"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gl\u00e4scher,  J., Adolphs,  R., & Tranel,  D. (2019). Model-based lesion mapping of cognitive control using the Wisconsin card sorting test. Nature Communications, 10, 20. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-07912-5, PMID:30604744, PMCID:PMC6318292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07912-5"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golden,  E. C., Graff-Radford,  J., Jones,  D. T., & Benarroch,  E. E. (2016). Mediodorsal nucleus and its multiple cognitive functions. Neurology, 87, 2161\u20132168. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003344, PMID:27770073","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003344"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman-Rakic,  P. S., & Porrino,  L. J. (1985). The primate mediodorsal (MD) nucleus and its projection to the frontal lobe. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 242, 535\u2013560. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902420406, PMID:2418080","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902420406"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graff-Radford,  N. R., Eslinger,  P. J., Damasio,  A. R., & Yamada,  T. (1984). Nonhemorrhagic infarction of the thalamus: Behavioral, anatomic, and physiologic correlates. Neurology, 34, 14\u201323. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.34.1.14, PMID:6537850","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.14"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graff-Radford,  N. R., Tranel,  D., Van Hoesen,  G. W., & Brandt,  J. P. (1990). Diencephalic amnesia. Brain, 113, 1\u201325. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/113.1.1, PMID:2302527","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.1.1"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene,  D. J., Marek,  S., Gordon,  E. M., Siegel,  J. S., Gratton,  C., Laumann,  T. O., et al (2020). Integrative and network-specific connectivity of the basal ganglia and thalamus defined in individuals. Neuron, 105, 742\u2013758. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.11.012, PMID:31836321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.11.012"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartikainen,  K. M., Sun,  L., Polvivaara,  M., Brause,  M., Lehtim\u00e4ki,  K., Haapasalo,  J., et al (2014). Immediate effects of deep brain stimulation of anterior thalamic nuclei on executive functions and emotion\u2013attention interaction in humans. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 540\u2013550. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2014.913554, PMID:24839985, PMCID:PMC4066928","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.913554"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib35","unstructured":"Heaton,  R. K., Chelune,  G. J., Talley,  J. L., Kay,  G. G., & Curtiss,  G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test, revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes,  A. J., Hollinshead,  M. O., O'Keefe,  T. M., Petrov,  V. I., Fariello,  G. R., Wald,  L. L., et al (2015). Brain genomics superstruct project initial data release with structural, functional, and behavioral measures. Scientific Data, 2, 150031. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2015.31, PMID:26175908, PMCID:PMC4493828","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.31"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang,  K., Bertolero,  M. A., Liu,  W. B., & D'Esposito,  M. (2017). The human thalamus is an integrative hub for functional brain networks. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 5594\u20135607. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0067-17.2017, PMID:28450543, PMCID:PMC5469300","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0067-17.2017"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortte,  K. B., Horner,  M. D., & Windham,  W. K. (2002). The trail making test, part B: Cognitive flexibility or ability to maintain set?Applied Neuropsychology, 9, 106\u2013109. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15324826AN0902_5, PMID:12214820","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN0902_5"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krauth,  A., Blanc,  R., Poveda,  A., Jeanmonod,  D., Morel,  A., & Sz\u00e9kely,  G. (2010). A mean three-dimensional atlas of the human thalamus: Generation from multiple histological data. Neuroimage, 49, 2053\u20132062. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.042, PMID:19853042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.042"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib40","unstructured":"Lezak,  M. D., Howieson,  D. B., Bigler,  E. D., & Tranel,  D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (Vol. 5, 5th ed., p. 1161). New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lie,  C.-H., Specht,  K., Marshall,  J. C., & Fink,  G. R. (2006). Using fMRI to decompose the neural processes underlying the Wisconsin card sorting test. Neuroimage, 30, 1038\u20131049. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.031, PMID:16414280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.031"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebermann,  D., Ploner,  C. J., Kraft,  A., Kopp,  U. A., & Ostendorf,  F. (2013). A dysexecutive syndrome of the medial thalamus. Cortex, 49, 40\u201349. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.11.005, PMID:22172979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.11.005"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little,  D. M., Kraus,  M. F., Joseph,  J., Geary,  E. K., Susmaras,  T., Zhou,  X. J., et al (2010). Thalamic integrity underlies executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. Neurology, 74, 558\u2013564. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cff5d5, PMID:20089945, PMCID:PMC2830915","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cff5d5"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoach,  D. S., Greve,  D. N., Lindgren,  K. A., & Dale,  A. M. (2003). Identifying regional activity associated with temporally separated components of working memory using event-related functional MRI. Neuroimage, 20, 1670\u20131684. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.08.002, PMID:14642477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.08.002"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller,  E. K., & Cohen,  J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167\u2013202. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167, PMID:11283309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell,  A. S.\n           (2015). The mediodorsal thalamus as a higher order thalamic relay nucleus important for learning and decision-making. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 54, 76\u201388. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.001, PMID:25757689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.001"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake,  A., Friedman,  N. P., Emerson,  M. J., & Witzki,  A. H. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cfrontal lobe\u201d tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49\u2013100. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734, PMID:10945922","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morel,  A., Magnin,  M., & Jeanmonod,  D. (1997). Multiarchitectonic and stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 387, 588\u2013630. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971103)387:4&lt;588::AID-CNE8&gt;3.0.CO;2-Z","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971103)387:4<588::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nachev,  P., Coulthard,  E., J\u00e4ger,  H. R., Kennard,  C., & Husain,  M. (2008). Enantiomorphic normalization of focally lesioned brains. Neuroimage, 39, 1215\u20131226. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.002, PMID:18023365, PMCID:PMC2658465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.002"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nee,  D. E., Kastner,  S., & Brown,  J. W. (2011). Functional heterogeneity of conflict, error, task-switching, and unexpectedness effects within medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 54, 528\u2013540. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.027, PMID:20728547, PMCID:PMC2962721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.027"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Per\u00e4kyl\u00e4,  J., Sun,  L., Lehtim\u00e4ki,  K., Peltola,  J., \u00d6hman,  J., M\u00f6tt\u00f6nen,  T., et al (2017). Causal evidence from humans for the role of mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29, 2090\u20132102. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01176, PMID:28777058","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01176"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pergola,  G., Danet,  L., Barbeau,  E. J., Eustache,  P., Planton,  M., Raposo,  N., et al (2016). Review of thalamic amnesia after infarct: The role of the mammillothalamic tract and mediodorsal nucleus. Neurology, 86, 1928. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002730, PMID:27185898","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002730"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Power,  J. D., Cohen,  A. L., Nelson,  S. M., Wig,  G. S., Barnes,  K. A., Church,  J. A., et al (2011). Functional network organization of the human brain. Neuron, 72, 665\u2013678. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006, PMID:22099467, PMCID:PMC3222858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rushworth,  M. F. S., Hadland,  K. A., Gaffan,  D., & Passingham,  R. E. (2003). The effect of cingulate cortex lesions on task switching and working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 338\u2013353. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/089892903321593072, PMID:12729487","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593072"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Cubillo,  I., Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez,  J. A., Adrover-Roig,  D., Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez,  J. M., R\u00edos-Lago,  M., Tirapu,  J., et al (2009). Construct validity of the trail making test: Role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition\/interference control, and visuomotor abilities. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 438\u2013450. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617709090626, PMID:19402930","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090626"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmahmann,  J. D.\n           (2003). Vascular syndromes of the thalamus. Stroke, 34, 2264\u20132278. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000087786.38997.9E, PMID:12933968","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087786.38997.9E"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seeley,  W. W., Menon,  V., Schatzberg,  A. F., Keller,  J., Glover,  G. H., Kenna,  H., et al (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2349\u20132356. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007, PMID:17329432, PMCID:PMC2680293","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selemon,  L. D., & Goldman-Rakic,  P. S. (1988). Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: Evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 4049\u20134068. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-11-04049.1988, PMID:2846794, PMCID:PMC6569486","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-11-04049.1988"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shine,  J. M., Bissett,  P. G., Bell,  P. T., Koyejo,  O., Balsters,  J. H., Gorgolewski,  K. J., et al (2016). The dynamics of functional brain networks: Integrated network states during cognitive task performance. Neuron, 92, 544\u2013554. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.018, PMID:27693256, PMCID:PMC5073034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.018"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow,  J. C., Allen,  H. A., Rafal,  R. D., & Humphreys,  G. W. (2009). Impaired attentional selection following lesions to human pulvinar: evidence for homology between human and monkey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 106, 4054\u20134059. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0810086106, PMID:19237580, PMCID:PMC2656203","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810086106"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tombaugh,  T. N.\n           (2004). Trail making test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 203\u2013214. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuchida,  A., & Fellows,  L. K. (2013). Are core component processes of executive function dissociable within the frontal lobes? Evidence from humans with focal prefrontal damage. Cortex, 49, 1790\u20131800. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.10.014, PMID:23206529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.10.014"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Werf,  Y. D., Scheltens,  P., Lindeboom,  J., Witter,  M. P., Uylings,  H. B. M., & Jolles,  J. (2003). Deficits of memory, executive functioning and attention following infarction in the thalamus; a study of 22 cases with localised lesions. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1330\u20131344. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00059-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00059-9"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent,  J. L., Kahn,  I., Snyder,  A. Z., Raichle,  M. E., & Buckner,  R. L. (2008). Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 100, 3328\u20133342. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.90355.2008, PMID:18799601, PMCID:PMC2604839","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90355.2008"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Cramon,  D. Y., Hebel,  N., & Schuri,  U. (1985). A contribution to the anatomical basis of thalamic amnesia. Brain, 108, 993\u20131008. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/108.4.993, PMID:3935270","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.4.993"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib66","unstructured":"Von Monakow,  C.\n           (1911). Localization of brain functions. Journal f\u00fcr Psychologie und Neurologie, 17, 185\u2013200."},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe,  Y., & Funahashi,  S. (2012). Thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and working memory. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 134\u2013142. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.05.003, PMID:21605592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.05.003"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao,  D., Zikopoulos,  B., & Barbas,  H. (2009). Laminar and modular organization of prefrontal projections to multiple thalamic nuclei. Neuroscience, 161, 1067\u20131081. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.034, PMID:19376204, PMCID:PMC2700123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.034"},{"key":"2022042815430737400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo,  B. T. T., Krienen,  F. M., Sepulcre,  J., Sabuncu,  M. R., Lashkari,  D., Hollinshead,  M., et al (2011). The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106, 1125\u20131165. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00338.2011, PMID:21653723, PMCID:PMC3174820","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/32\/12\/2303\/2014131\/jocn_a_01628.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/32\/12\/2303\/2014131\/jocn_a_01628.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T01:12:18Z","timestamp":1651194738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/32\/12\/2303\/95508\/Network-Localization-of-Executive-Function"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}}}