{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T09:07:13Z","timestamp":1785316033402,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT106931MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT106931MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P01HD080679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01HD080679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For decades, researchers have debated whether mental representations are symbolic or grounded in sensory inputs and motor programs. Certainly, aspects of mental representations are grounded. However, does the brain also contain abstract concept representations that mediate between perception and action in a flexible manner not tied to the details of sensory inputs and motor programs? Such conceptual pointers would be useful when concepts remain constant despite changes in appearance and associated actions. We evaluated whether human participants acquire such representations using fMRI. Participants completed a probabilistic concept learning task in which sensory, motor, and category variables were not perfectly coupled or entirely independent, making it possible to observe evidence for abstract representations or purely grounded representations. To assess how the learned concept structure is represented in the brain, we examined brain regions implicated in flexible cognition (e.g., pFC and parietal cortex) that are most likely to encode an abstract representation removed from sensory\u2013motor details. We also examined sensory\u2013motor regions that might encode grounded sensory\u2013motor-based representations tuned for categorization. Using a cognitive model to estimate participants' category rule and multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data, we found the left pFC and human middle temporal visual area (MT)\/V5 coded for category in the absence of information coding for stimulus or response. Because category was based on the stimulus, finding an abstract representation of category was not inevitable. Our results suggest that certain brain areas support categorization behavior by constructing concept representations in a format akin to a symbol that differs from stimulus\u2013motor codes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T09:46:02Z","timestamp":1606124762000},"page":"1719-1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Abstract Neural Representations of Category Membership beyond Information Coding Stimulus or Response"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7261-9257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Mok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"},{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-7076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bradley C.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"},{"name":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","article-title":"Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.5.415","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. I: Potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli","volume":"9","author":"Allison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: Evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced normalization tools (ANTS)","volume":"2","author":"Avants","year":"2009","journal-title":"Insight Journal"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002149","article-title":"Perceptual symbol systems","volume":"22","author":"Barsalou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","article-title":"Grounded cognition","volume":"59","author":"Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042","article-title":"A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI","volume":"37","author":"Behzadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2811-17.2018","article-title":"Abstract memory representations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus support concept generalization","volume":"38","author":"Bowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000501","article-title":"Occipitotemporal representations reflect individual differences in conceptual knowledge","volume":"148","author":"Braunlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5223","article-title":"Structural and functional differences in medial prefrontal cortex underlies distractibility and suppression deficits in aging","volume":"5","author":"Chadick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-03-01202.1993","article-title":"A PET study of visuospatial attention","volume":"13","author":"Corbetta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199706\/08)10:4\/5&lt;171::AID-NBM453&gt;3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Software tools for analysis and visualization of fMRI data","volume":"10","author":"Cox","year":"1997","journal-title":"NMR in Biomedicine"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.005","article-title":"Representation of multiple, independent categories in the primate prefrontal cortex","volume":"66","author":"Cromer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr036","article-title":"Learning the exception to the rule: Model-based fMRI reveals specialized representations for surprising category members","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027865","article-title":"Striatal and hippocampal entropy and recognition signals in category learning: Simultaneous processes revealed by model-based fMRI","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90494-X","article-title":"Response properties and receptive fields of cells in an anatomically defined region of the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey","volume":"35","author":"Dubner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/35097575","article-title":"An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex","volume":"2","author":"Duncan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.004","article-title":"The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/33402","article-title":"A cortical representation of the local visual environment","volume":"392","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12383","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1134-15.2015","article-title":"Discrimination of visual categories based on behavioral relevance in widespread regions of frontoparietal cortex","volume":"35","author":"Erez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","article-title":"fMRIPrep: A robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI","volume":"16","author":"Esteban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2700-19.2019","article-title":"Categorical biases in human occipitoparietal cortex","volume":"40","author":"Ester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16616","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315235110","article-title":"Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex","volume":"110","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib24","volume-title":"The language of thought","author":"Fodor","year":"1975"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs067","article-title":"Category learning increases discriminability of relevant object dimensions in visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"Folstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(09)70884-5","article-title":"Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood","volume":"47(Suppl. 1)","author":"Fonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05078","article-title":"Experience-dependent representation of visual categories in parietal cortex","volume":"443","author":"Freedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-033919","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms of visual categorization: An abstract view on decision making","volume":"39","author":"Freedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17086","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17086","article-title":"A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal\u2013entorhinal cortex","volume":"6","author":"Garvert","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929053279522","article-title":"Top\u2013down enhancement and suppression of the magnitude and speed of neural activity","volume":"17","author":"Gazzaley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","article-title":"The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project","volume":"80","author":"Glasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90304-6","article-title":"Cellular basis of working memory","volume":"14","author":"Goldman-Rakic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"13","key":"2022090203364168300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2011.00013","article-title":"Nipype: A flexible, lightweight and extensible neuroimaging data processing framework in Python","volume":"5","author":"Gorgolewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.060","article-title":"Accurate and robust brain image alignment using boundary-based registration","volume":"48","author":"Greve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90087-6","article-title":"The symbol grounding problem","volume":"42","author":"Harnad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computing in Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01039","article-title":"Feature-selective attention in frontoparietal cortex: Multivoxel codes adjust to prioritize task-relevant information","volume":"29","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)91132-8","article-title":"Improved optimisation for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2006.09.004","article-title":"Beyond common features: The role of roles in determining similarity","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1444","article-title":"Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain","volume":"8","author":"Kamitani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997","article-title":"The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception","volume":"17","author":"Kanwisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315","article-title":"Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex","volume":"23","author":"Kastner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030204","article-title":"Distributed neural plasticity for shape learning in the human visual cortex","volume":"3","author":"Kourtzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.22","article-title":"ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning","volume":"99","author":"Kruschke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.052","article-title":"Learning optimizes decision templates in the human visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"Kuai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1137\/0701007","article-title":"Evaluation of noisy data","volume":"1","author":"Lanczos","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Series B: Numerical Analysis"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.2.309","article-title":"SUSTAIN: A network model of category learning","volume":"111","author":"Love","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13203","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614048113","article-title":"Dynamic updating of hippocampal object representations reflects new conceptual knowledge","volume":"113","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.08.035","article-title":"Decoding the brain's algorithm for categorization from its neural implementation","volume":"23","author":"Mack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2004.03.011","article-title":"Dissociating explicit and procedural-learning based systems of perceptual category learning","volume":"66","author":"Maddox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1187.001.0001","volume-title":"The algebraic mind: Integrating connectionism and cognitive science","author":"Marcus","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01559-X","article-title":"Extending the classical view of representation","volume":"4","author":"Markman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410100402","article-title":"A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect","volume":"10","author":"Mesulam","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90248.2008","article-title":"Dynamic population coding of category information in inferior temporal and prefrontal cortex","volume":"100","author":"Meyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0364-0213(80)80015-2","article-title":"Physical symbol systems","volume":"4","author":"Newell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.115.1.39","article-title":"Attention, similarity, and the identification\u2013categorization relationship","volume":"115","author":"Nosofsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib59","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018","article-title":"Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion","volume":"59","author":"Power","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2004.001.0001","volume-title":"Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science","author":"Pylyshyn","year":"1984"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90041-8","article-title":"Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention","volume":"25","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8519","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4837-09.2010","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex activity during flexible categorization","volume":"30","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3331","article-title":"Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure","volume":"16","author":"Schapiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22523","article-title":"Statistical learning of temporal community structure in the hippocampus","volume":"26","author":"Schapiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011","article-title":"Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with Python","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference","author":"Seabold","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135546","article-title":"Category learning in the brain","volume":"33","author":"Seger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/415318a","article-title":"Visual categorization shapes feature selectivity in the primate temporal cortex","volume":"415","author":"Sigala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252900","article-title":"Targeted enhancement of cortical\u2013hippocampal brain networks and associative memory","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib72","article-title":"An introduction to Seaborn\u2014Seaborn 0.10.1 documentation","author":"Waskom","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/81497","article-title":"Computational principles of movement neuroscience","volume":"3","author":"Wolpert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2014.79.19","article-title":"A conversation with Daniel Wolpert","volume":"79","author":"Wolpert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0931","article-title":"Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of fMRI data","volume":"14","author":"Woolrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1166-19.2019","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of concept learning","volume":"39","author":"Zeithamova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"2022090203364168300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13503","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002506107","article-title":"Learning-dependent plasticity with and without training in the human brain","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/34\/10\/1719\/2041830\/jocn_a_01651.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/34\/10\/1719\/2041830\/jocn_a_01651.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T18:06:31Z","timestamp":1723917991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/34\/10\/1719\/97383\/Abstract-Neural-Representations-of-Category"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01651","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.02.13.947341","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}