{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:45:26Z","timestamp":1761864326530,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["835767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["835767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Federaal Wetenschapsbeleid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IUAPVII\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUAPVII\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12T9717N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12T9717N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The question whether and how we are able to monitor our own cognitive states (metacognition) has been a matter of debate for decades. Do we have direct access to our cognitive processes, or can we only infer them indirectly based on their consequences? In the current study, we wanted to investigate the brain circuits that underlie the metacognitive experience of fluency in action selection. To manipulate action-selection fluency, we used a subliminal response priming paradigm. On each trial, both male and female human participants additionally engaged in the metacognitive process of rating how hard they felt it was to respond to the target stimulus. Despite having no conscious awareness of the prime, results showed that participants rated incompatible trials (during which subliminal primes interfered with the required response) to be more difficult than compatible trials (where primes facilitated the required response), reflecting metacognitive awareness of difficulty. This increased sense of subjective difficulty was mirrored by increased activity in the rostral cingulate zone and the anterior insula, two regions that are functionally closely connected. Importantly, this reflected activations that were unique to subjective difficulty ratings and were not explained by RTs or prime\u2013response compatibility. We interpret these findings in light of a possible grounding of the metacognitive judgment of fluency in action selection in interoceptive signals resulting from increased effort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T18:27:45Z","timestamp":1629311265000},"page":"2512-2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Metacognitive Awareness of Difficulty in Action Selection: The Role of the Cingulo-opercular Network"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-4260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kobe","family":"Desender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University"},{"name":"KU Leaven"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyn","family":"Teuchies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Gonzalez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University"},{"name":"Universidad de Granada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"De Baene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelle","family":"Demanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University"},{"name":"Howest University of Applied Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Brass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University"},{"name":"Humboldt Universt\u00e4t zu Berlin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2921","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor","volume":"14","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18103","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18103","article-title":"Unexpected arousal modulates the influence of sensory noise on confidence","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036882","article-title":"Domain-specific enhancement of metacognitive ability following meditation training","volume":"143","author":"Baird","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv352","article-title":"Direct recordings from human anterior insula reveal its leading role within the error-monitoring network","volume":"27","author":"Bastin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0797-14.2015","article-title":"Shared neural markers of decision confidence and error detection","volume":"35","author":"Boldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624","article-title":"Conflict monitoring and cognitive control","volume":"108","author":"Botvinick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib8","first-page":"77","article-title":"Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition","volume-title":"Advances in instructional psychology","author":"Brown","year":"1978"},{"key":"2021110818060813200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","article-title":"How do you feel? 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