{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:59:15Z","timestamp":1773946755723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"GOA BOF UGent","award":["BOF17-GOA-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF17-GOA-004"]}]},{"name":"FWO Travel Grant","award":["V413014N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V413014N"]}]},{"name":"FWO\/FNRS EOS","award":["30446199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30446199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This fMRI study aimed at unraveling the neural basis of learning alphabet arithmetic facts, as a proxy of the transition from slow and effortful procedural counting-based processing to fast and effortless processing as it occurs in learning addition arithmetic facts. Neural changes were tracked while participants solved alphabet arithmetic problems in a verification task (e.g., F + 4 = J). Problems were repeated across four learning blocks. Two neural networks with opposed learning-related changes were identified. Activity in a network consisting of basal ganglia and parieto-frontal areas decreased with learning, which is in line with a reduction of the involvement of procedure-based processing. Conversely, activity in a network involving the left angular gyrus and, to a lesser extent, the hippocampus gradually increases with learning, evidencing the gradual involvement of retrieval-based processing. Connectivity analyses gave insight in the functional relationship between the two networks. Despite the opposing learning-related trajectories, it was found that both networks become more integrated. Taking alphabet arithmetic as a proxy for learning arithmetic, the present results have implications for current theories of learning arithmetic facts and can give direction to future developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T14:10:30Z","timestamp":1635343830000},"page":"16-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["From Counting to Retrieving: Neural Networks Underlying Alphabet Arithmetic Learning"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Wim","family":"Fias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Muhammet Ikbal","family":"Sahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Ian M.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University, Washington, D.C."}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040819530182100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022040819530182100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2013.02.018","article-title":"On the problem-size effect in small additions: Can we really discard any counting-based account?","volume":"128","author":"Barrouillet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2022040819530182100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau2528","article-title":"Fast track to the neocortex: A memory engram in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"362","author":"Brodt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022040819530182100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00374.x","article-title":"The development of arithmetical abilities","volume":"46","author":"Butterworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022040819530182100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01055.x","article-title":"How does a child solve 7 + 8? 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