{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:59:39Z","timestamp":1780570779677,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32HD007109-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32HD007109-40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S10OD012240-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD012240-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH103761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH103761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Accumulating literature has linked poverty to brain structure and function, particularly in affective neural regions; however, few studies have examined associations with structural connections or the importance of developmental timing of exposure. Moreover, prior neuroimaging studies have not used a proximal measure of poverty (i.e., material hardship, which assesses food, housing, and medical insecurity) to capture the lived experience of growing up in harsh economic conditions. The present investigation addressed these gaps collectively by examining the associations between material hardship (ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years) and white matter connectivity of frontolimbic structures (age 15 years) in a low-income sample. We applied probabilistic tractography to diffusion imaging data collected from 194 adolescents. Results showed that material hardship related to amygdala\u2013prefrontal, but not hippocampus\u2013prefrontal or hippocampus\u2013amygdala, white matter connectivity. Specifically, hardship during middle childhood (ages 5 and 9 years) was associated with greater connectivity between the amygdala and dorsomedial pFC, whereas hardship during adolescence (age 15 years) was related to reduced amygdala\u2013orbitofrontal (OFC) and greater amygdala\u2013subgenual ACC connectivity. Growth curve analyses showed that greater increases of hardship across time were associated with both greater (amygdala\u2013subgenual ACC) and reduced (amygdala\u2013OFC) white matter connectivity. Furthermore, these effects remained above and beyond other types of adversity, and greater hardship and decreased amygdala\u2013OFC connectivity were related to increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrate that the associations between material hardship and white matter connections differ across key prefrontal regions and developmental periods, providing support for potential windows of plasticity for structural circuits that support emotion processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T22:57:02Z","timestamp":1640300222000},"page":"1866-1891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Differential Developmental Associations of Material Hardship Exposure and Adolescent Amygdala\u2013Prefrontal Cortex White Matter Connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3975-9159","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felicia A.","family":"Hardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh G.","family":"Goetschius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"},{"name":"University of Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Peckins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John's University, Queens, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Brooks-Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S.","family":"McLanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vonnie","family":"McLoyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor L.","family":"Lopez-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colter","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke W.","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.058","article-title":"Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images","volume":"141","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib3","first-page":"237","article-title":"Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-033936","article-title":"General cortical and special prefrontal connections: Principles from structure to function","volume":"38","author":"Barbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.450050604","article-title":"Topographically specific hippocampal projections target functionally distinct prefrontal areas in the rhesus monkey","volume":"5","author":"Barbas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-4-25","article-title":"Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional expression","volume":"4","author":"Barbas","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2307\/2648055","article-title":"Shifting family definitions: The effect of cohabitation and other nonfamily household relationships on measures of poverty","volume":"36","author":"Bauman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","article-title":"Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain?","volume":"34","author":"Behrens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10609","article-title":"Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"50","author":"Behrens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B: Methodological"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00018","article-title":"The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Birmaher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080","article-title":"Imaging brain development: The adolescent brain","volume":"61","author":"Blakemore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00609-3","article-title":"Differences in parent and child report on the screen for child anxiety-related emotional disorders (SCARED): Implications for investigations of social anxiety in adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Bowers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.t01-1-00383","article-title":"The home environments of children in the United States. Part II: Relations with behavioral development through age thirteen","volume":"72","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00276","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and structural brain development","volume":"8","author":"Brito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/1602387","article-title":"The effects of poverty on children","volume":"7","author":"Brooks-Gunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Future of Children"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.11.018","article-title":"The stress acceleration hypothesis: Effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior","volume":"7","author":"Callaghan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.015","article-title":"Genetics of white matter development: A DTI study of 705 twins and their siblings aged 12 to 29","volume":"54","author":"Chiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.JNS091832","article-title":"Tractography of the amygdala and hippocampus: Anatomical study and application to selective amygdalohippocampectomy: Laboratory investigation","volume":"113","author":"Colnat-Coulbois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social\u2013affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0721","article-title":"Cohesive neighborhoods where social expectations are shared may have positive impact on adolescent mental health","volume":"35","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Affairs (Project Hope)"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00547","article-title":"Family income, cumulative risk exposure, and white matter structure in middle childhood","volume":"11","author":"Dufford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80042-X","article-title":"An introduction to latent growth curve modeling","volume":"35","author":"Duncan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2307\/2657556","article-title":"How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children?","volume":"63","author":"Duncan","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5664-09.2010","article-title":"Anatomical and functional connectivity of cytoarchitectonic areas within the human parietal operculum","volume":"30","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310134110","article-title":"What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science","volume":"110","author":"Falk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.08.034","article-title":"The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes, and consequences","volume":"96","author":"Farah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12985","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12985","article-title":"Beyond family-level adversities: Exploring the developmental timing of neighborhood disadvantage effects on the brain","volume":"24","author":"Gard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib29","volume-title":"Children of the Great Recession","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307893110","article-title":"Early developmental emergence of human amygdala\u2013prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation","volume":"110","author":"Gee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x","article-title":"Income is not enough: Incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development","volume":"78","author":"Gershoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.046","article-title":"Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala","volume":"34","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs191","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways link socioeconomic inequalities to white matter architecture","volume":"23","author":"Gianaros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/13158","article-title":"Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study","volume":"2","author":"Giedd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.040","article-title":"Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: What have we learned and where are we going?","volume":"67","author":"Giedd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.009","article-title":"Amygdala\u2013prefrontal cortex white matter tracts are widespread, variable and implicated in amygdala modulation in adolescents","volume":"191","author":"Goetschius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100849","article-title":"Childhood violence exposure and social deprivation predict adolescent amygdala\u2013orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity","volume":"45","author":"Goetschius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.004","article-title":"Timing of poverty in childhood and adolescent health: Evidence from the US and UK","volume":"197","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22952","article-title":"A network of amygdala connections predict individual differences in trait anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Greening","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018712","article-title":"Association between income and the hippocampus","volume":"6","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa144","article-title":"Childhood violence exposure and social deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function","volume":"15","author":"Hein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.058","article-title":"Amygdala habituation and uncinate fasciculus connectivity in adolescence: A multi-modal approach","volume":"183","author":"Hein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","article-title":"The weirdest people in the world?","volume":"33","author":"Henrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61892","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061892","article-title":"Accelerating fibre orientation estimation from diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging using GPUs","volume":"8","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib45","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A fast and flexible toolbox for tracking brain connections in diffusion MRI datasets using GPUs\u20144258","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2001.00295.x","article-title":"How American children spend their time","volume":"63","author":"Hofferth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.005","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood","volume":"67","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000741","article-title":"An ecological approach to understanding the developing brain: Examples linking poverty, parenting, neighborhoods, and the brain","volume":"75","author":"Hyde","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403743101","article-title":"Changes in connectivity profiles define functionally distinct regions in human medial frontal cortex","volume":"101","author":"Johansen-Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20153075","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3075","article-title":"State of the art review: Poverty and the developing brain","volume":"137","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081","article-title":"White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: The do's and don'ts of diffusion MRI","volume":"73","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308240110","article-title":"Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-7409(95)00006-X","article-title":"Long-term poverty and child development in the United States: Results from the NLSY","volume":"17","author":"Korenman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001","article-title":"Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"30","author":"Lenroot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22020","article-title":"Material hardship, prefrontal cortex-amygdala structure, and internalizing symptoms in children","volume":"63","author":"Lichtin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3139","article-title":"The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: The mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events","volume":"167","author":"Luby","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00169-1","article-title":"An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets","volume":"19","author":"Maldjian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"45","author":"Mayberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2307\/145934","article-title":"Poverty and the distribution of material hardship","volume":"24","author":"Mayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib1151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1326122","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, amygdala volume, and internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Merz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib64","volume-title":"Growing up with a single parent. What hurts, what helps","author":"McLanahan","year":"1994"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/2137292","article-title":"Trajectories of poverty and children's mental health","volume":"37","author":"McLeod","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x","article-title":"Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence","volume":"39","author":"Morenoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib67","volume-title":"MPlus user's guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998\u20132011","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00878.x","article-title":"Duration and developmental timing of poverty and children's cognitive and social development from birth through third grade","volume":"76","author":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2202\/1944-2858.1077","article-title":"Measuring poverty: The official U.S. measure and material hardship","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poverty & Public Policy"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x","article-title":"Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain","volume":"15","author":"Noble","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12077","article-title":"Higher education is an age-independent predictor of white matter integrity and cognitive control in late adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Noble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537962","article-title":"A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(01)00141-4","article-title":"Fragile families: Sample and design","volume":"23","author":"Reichman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.003","article-title":"The role of Area 10 (BA 10) in human multitasking and in social cognition: A lesion study","volume":"49","author":"Roca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.043","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in academic achievement: A multi-modal investigation of neural mechanisms in children and adolescents","volume":"173","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib76","volume-title":"Income and poverty in the United States: 2018","author":"Semega","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22147","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22147","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors, stress, hair cortisol, and white matter microstructure in children","volume":"63","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.1.122","article-title":"Reciprocal relation between parent\u2013child distance and pubertal maturation","volume":"24","author":"Steinberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the parent\u2013child conflict tactics scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents","volume":"22","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000580","article-title":"Pubertal development mediates the association between family environment and brain structure and function in childhood","volume":"32","author":"Thijssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib81","first-page":"2100","volume-title":"The parent trap: The economic insecurity of families with young children","author":"Traub","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1416200753","article-title":"Brodmann areas 11, 46, and 47: Emotion, memory, and empathy","volume":"69","author":"Ueda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","article-title":"Denoising of diffusion MRI using random matrix theory","volume":"142","author":"Veraart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.02.010","article-title":"Low-income single mothers' community violence exposure and aggressive parenting practices","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2022090203364273000_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.01.008","article-title":"Material hardship and child socioemotional behaviors: Differences by types of hardship, timing, and duration","volume":"34","author":"Zilanawala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/34\/10\/1866\/2041837\/jocn_a_01801.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/34\/10\/1866\/2041837\/jocn_a_01801.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T03:37:10Z","timestamp":1662089830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/34\/10\/1866\/108893\/Differential-Developmental-Associations-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01801","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}