{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:00:46Z","timestamp":1772164846827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knowledge of transitive relationships between items can contribute to learning the order of a set of stimuli from pairwise comparisons. However, cognitive mechanisms of transitive inferences based on rank order remain unclear, as are relative contributions of reward associations and rule-based inference. To explore these issues, we created a conflict between rule- and reward-based learning during a serial ordering task. Rhesus macaques learned two lists, each containing five stimuli that were trained exclusively with adjacent pairs. Selection of the higher-ranked item resulted in rewards. \u201cSmall reward\u201d lists yielded two drops of fluid reward, whereas \u201clarge reward\u201d lists yielded five drops. Following training of adjacent pairs, monkeys were tested on novels pairs. One item was selected from each list, such that a ranking rule could conflict with preferences for large rewards. Differences between the corresponding reward magnitudes had a strong influence on accuracy, but we also observed a symbolic distance effect. That provided evidence of a rule-based influence on decisions. RT comparisons suggested a conflict between rule- and reward-based processes. We conclude that performance reflects the contributions of two strategies and that a model-based strategy is employed in the face of a strong countervailing reward incentive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T10:25:42Z","timestamp":1642760742000},"page":"592-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of Rule- and Reward-based Strategies on Inferences of Serial Order by Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-6674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allain-Thibeault","family":"Ferhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center"},{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center"},{"name":"Columbia University"},{"name":"Reed College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herbert S.","family":"Terrace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center"},{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent P.","family":"Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center"},{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01","article-title":"Stan: A probabilistic programming language","volume":"76","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00687.x","article-title":"Knowledge of the ordinal position of list items in rhesus monkeys","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0355-6","article-title":"Beyond dichotomies in reinforcement learning","volume":"21","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205250","article-title":"The symbolic distance effect in monkeys (Cebus apella)","volume":"18","author":"D'Amato","year":"1990","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.106.4.342","article-title":"Transitive inference in rats (Rattus norvegicus)","volume":"106","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.08.003","article-title":"Reinforcement learning: The good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"18","author":"Dayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.111983","article-title":"Effects of reward size and context on learning in macaque monkeys","volume":"372","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030306","article-title":"Cognitive mechanisms for transitive inference performance in rhesus monkeys: Measuring the influence of associative strength and inferred order","volume":"38","author":"Gazes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"2022030421210144900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.7.2.150","article-title":"Reasoning in the chimpanzee: II. 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