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How social feedback is evaluated in situations that meet or do not meet these biases and how people differ in their response to rejection and acceptance depending on the social situation are unknown. In this study, participants experienced rejection and acceptance by peers in two different social contexts, one with high (negative context) and the other with low probability of rejection (positive context). We examined how the neural and behavioral responses to rejection are altered by this context and whether it depends on the individual's sensitivity to rejection. Behavioral results show that, on average, people maintain an optimistic bias even when mostly experiencing rejection. Importantly, personality differences in rejection sensitivity affected both prior expectations to be rejected in the paradigm and the extent to which expectations changed during the paradigm. The context also strongly modulated ERPs and theta responses to rejection and acceptance feedback. Specifically, valence effects on neural responses were enhanced in the negative context, suggesting a greater relevance to monitor social feedback in such a situation. Moreover, midfrontal theta predicted how expectations were changed in response to prediction errors, stressing a role for theta in learning from social feedback. Surprisingly, interindividual differences in rejection sensitivity did not affect neural responses to feedback. Our results stress the importance of considering the interaction between subjective expectations and the social context for behavioral and neural responses to social rejection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T20:06:50Z","timestamp":1644437210000},"page":"823-845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social Context and Rejection Expectations Modulate Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Feedback"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-9198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pauline","family":"Petereit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Goregliad Fjaellingsdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike M.","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Multi-model inference","year":"2020","author":"Barton","key":"2022033016185368200_bib1"},{"volume-title":"Linear mixed-effects models using \u2018Eigen\u2019 and S4","year":"2020","author":"Bates","key":"2022033016185368200_bib2"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0076-15.2015","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0076-15.2015","article-title":"Single-trial event-related potential correlates of belief updating","volume":"2","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13431","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13431","article-title":"Monetary feedback modulates performance and electrophysiological indices of belief updating in reward learning","volume":"56","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02187.x","article-title":"Adaptive responses to social exclusion: Social rejection improves detection of real and fake smiles","volume":"19","author":"Bernstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00190","article-title":"Hit or run: Exploring aggressive and avoidant reactions to interpersonal provocation using a novel fight-or-escape paradigm (FOE)","volume":"11","author":"Beyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644","article-title":"Multimodel inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in model selection","volume":"33","author":"Burnham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.452","article-title":"The aggression questionnaire","volume":"63","author":"Buss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2022033016185368200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01745","article-title":"Unexpected acceptance? 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